汉语与林加拉语“比”字句的对比研究

A Comparative Study of the “Bǐ” Comparative Sentences in Chinese and Lingala

摘要: 本研究从语序、句法结构、语法标记与语义功能四个维度，对比分析汉语与林加拉语“比”字句的异同。首先，梳理两种语言“比”字句的语法特征，提供林加拉语例句，并附汉语词对词直译及逐层拆解；随后归纳两种语言各自的语法特征，最终提炼“比”字表达属性。研究发现，两种语言均通过句法手段构建“比”字句，但在语言层面存在显著差异。林加拉语的“比”字句伴随形态变化；而汉语缺乏形态变化，主要靠固定语序与特定的虚词表达比较义。例如，汉语用介词“比”作比较标记，林加拉语则以动词词根“-lek-”实现该功能。本研究可为对外汉语“比”字句教学提供参考。

Abstract: The present study conducts a comparative analysis of comparative constructions in Chinese and Lingala from four dimensions: word order, syntactic structure, grammatical marking and semantic function. Firstly, it delineates the grammatical characteristics of such constructions in both languages, providing Lingala examples along with word-for-word literal translations and step-by-step breakdowns. The subsequent section provides a concise synopsis of the grammatical characteristics inherent to each language, culminating in a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental properties that are intrinsic to comparative expressions. The study finds that both languages employ syntactic means to form comparative constructions, yet they differ significantly at the linguistic level. Lingala comparatives have been demonstrated to induce overt morphological alternations, in contrast to analytic Chinese, which relies on fixed word order and the dedicated particle “bǐ”. For instance, the Chinese language employs the preposition “bǐ” to establish a standard of comparison, while Lingala utilises the verbal root “‑lek‑” to convey a similar notion. The findings offer concrete pedagogical implications for teaching the “bǐ” comparative in Chinese as a second language.