“现实的个人”：唯物史观的进入口——《德意志意识形态》中“现实的个人”新探

“Realistic Individual”: The Entrance of Historical Materialism—A New Exploration of “Realistic Individual” in The German Ideology

摘要: 以“现实的个人”为唯物史观的进入口，“现实的个人”思想为我们透视和理解人的存在和人的发展提供了独特的视角。通过考察“现实的个人”的活动与关系，马克思和恩格斯对社会历史发展规律进行了解析。此外，对“现实的个人”生存现状的关照，使马克思和恩格斯得以从社会历史发展规律入手，对资本主义现实加以剖析。在对社会现实进行剖析的同时，他们将“现实的个人”的自由发展作为理论落脚点，以此为基础提出进行革命运动的现实要求，又把这一价值目标的实现客观化到历史必然性中。由此，他们不仅将“现实的个人”思想落实到对资本主义社会的现实剖析，并且还为实现以人的自由发展为终极目标的“真正的共同体”指明了科学的现实道路。

Abstract: Taking “realistic individual” as the entrance of historical materialism, the thought of “realistic individual” provides us with a unique perspective to examine and understand human existence and human development. By examining the activities and relationships of the “realistic individual”, Marx and Engels analyzed the laws of social and historical development. In addition, the attention to the living situation of “realistic individuals” enabled Marx and Engels to analyze and expose the reality of capitalism, from the law of social and historical development. While analyzing the social reality, they took the free development of the “realistic individual” as the theoretical base and its value goal. Based on this, they put forward the realistic requirements for carrying out a revolutionary experiment, and objectified the realization of this value goal into a historical necessity. Thus, they not only put the idea of “realistic individual” into practice, but also provided a scientific and realistic way for realizing the “true community” with the ultimate goal of human free development.