恩格斯《反杜林论》道德观对当代的价值与启示

The Value and Implications of Engels’ Moral View in “Anti-Dühring” for the Contemporary Era

摘要: 《反杜林论》中恩格斯用历史唯物主义的方法，批判了杜林关于道德观念的先验论错误，指出道德的经济决定性、阶级性与社会历史性。这一批判为破除西方“普世价值”的主导性观念、揭露“永恒道德”的本质提供了理论根基；并使道德回归到“人民”本质，揭示阶级道德虚伪的内核；同时提供多元化道德共识方法论，让道德立足于历史、民族属性。在此基础上，文章提出当代启示：打造植根于人民实践的现实道德体系、消除资本限制性影响并规范科技伦理边界、尊重文明差异推动“和而不同”的全球治理，为破解当代道德建设、科技治理及全球治理困境提供可行的实践路径。

Abstract: In “Anti-Dühring", Engels, using the method of historical materialism, criticized Dühring’s error of apriorism concerning moral concepts and pointed out the economic determinism, class nature, and social historicity of morality. This criticism provides a theoretical foundation for breaking the moral hegemony of Western “universal values” and exposing the essence of the bourgeoisie’s pretense of “eternal morality”; it also restores morality to its inherent “people’s nature” and reveals the hypocritical core of class-based morality. Meanwhile, it offers a methodology for diversified moral consensus, grounding morality in historical and national attributes. On this basis, the article puts forward contemporary inspirations: building a practical moral system rooted in the people’s practice, removing the shackles of capital and standardizing the boundaries of scientific and technological ethics, and respecting differences between civilizations to promote global governance featuring “harmony without uniformity”—all of which provide feasible practical paths for resolving the dilemmas in contemporary moral construction, scientific and technological governance, and global governance.