非形式逻辑视域下墨家“三物逻辑”研究

A Study of Mohist “Three Objects Logic” from the Perspective of Informal Logic

摘要: 墨家“三物逻辑”以“故”、“理”、“类”为核心范畴，形成了一套具有鲜明实践导向的论证理论体系。该体系强调论证须具备真实可靠的依据(“故”)、合乎规范的推理规则(“理”)以及恰当的同异关系(“类”)，三者共同构成“辞得以生”的充分必要条件。在论证推理过程中，墨家逻辑强调从前提到结论须严格遵循“故”、“理”、“类”的标准，这一思路与非形式逻辑的RSA评价标准——相关性、充分性、可接受性——高度契合。通过这一比较，不仅可以揭示墨家逻辑与非形式逻辑在强调实践导向与实质有效性方面的共同理论倾向，也更清晰地展现出逻辑普遍性与文化特殊性的统一关系。

Abstract: Mohist “Three Objects Logic” takes “Reason” (故), “Principle” (理), and “Category” (类) as its core categories, forming a distinctive practice-oriented argumentation theory system. This system emphasizes that arguments must be based on true and reliable grounds (故), conform to normative rules of inference (理), and exhibit appropriate relations of similarity and difference (类). Together, these three elements constitute the necessary and sufficient conditions for a “proposition to be established” (辞得以生). In the process of argumentative reasoning, Mohist logic insists that the progression from premises to conclusion must strictly adhere to the structural criteria of “Reason”, “Principle”, and “Category”. This approach closely aligns with the RSA criteria of relevance, sufficiency, and acceptability emphasized in informal logic. Through this comparison, not only can we uncover the shared theoretical orientation between Mohist logic and informal logic in emphasizing practical guidance and substantive validity, but it also more clearly reveals the unified relationship between the universality of logic and cultural particularity.