车载储氢系统失效模式与量化分析方法

Failure Mode and Quantitative Analysis Method of Onboard Hydrogen Storage System

摘要: 随着全球能源转型与“碳中和”推进，氢燃料电池汽车作为高效、零排放交通工具迎来发展机遇。车载储氢技术中，高压气态储氢因技术成熟、充放氢快成主流路径。但车载氢系统服役时受压力–温度循环、道路振动冲击和氢气化学环境等复杂载荷耦合作用，其安全性与可靠性成为制约氢燃料电池汽车商业化的关键。本文系统梳理车载氢系统失效模式与机理，从系统、核心部件等多层级深入剖析。在此基础上引入量化分析方法，包括失效判据公式、材料性能数据等，涵盖传统结构强度与动力学分析、疲劳损伤与寿命预测，重点阐述多物理场耦合仿真必要性与进展。通过整合理论、数据与案例，构建从定性到定量的知识框架，为车载氢系统优化设计、安全评估及全生命周期管理提供理论与方法参考，推动氢能交通安全、可靠与可持续发展。

Abstract: With the global energy transition and advancing carbon neutrality initiatives, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) are gaining momentum as efficient, zero-emission transportation solutions. Among onboard hydrogen storage technologies, the high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage has become the mainstream approach due to its mature technology and rapid charging/discharging capabilities. However, the safety and reliability of HFCV onboard hydrogen systems remain critical challenges for commercialization, constrained by complex operational factors including pressure-temperature cycling, road vibration impacts, and hydrogen chemical environments. This paper systematically investigates failure modes and mechanisms in onboard hydrogen systems through multi-level analyses at both structural and component levels. Building on this foundation, it introduces quantitative analysis methods including failure criterion formulas and material performance data, covering traditional structural strength and dynamics analysis, fatigue damage and life prediction, with particular emphasis on the necessity and advancements in multiphysics coupled simulations. By integrating theoretical frameworks, empirical data, and case studies, this work establishes a knowledge framework bridging qualitative and quantitative approaches. The findings provide theoretical and methodological references for optimizing onboard hydrogen system design, safety assessments, and full lifecycle management, ultimately advancing the safe, reliable, and sustainable development of hydrogen energy transportation.