电镀重金属废水处理及资源化利用技术研究与实践

Research and Practice on Treatment and Resource Recovery Technologies for Heavy Metal Wastewater from Electroplating

摘要: 电镀行业是重金属污染的重要来源，电镀废水中含有镍、铬、铜等高毒性重金属离子及氰化物等复杂污染物，且重金属络合态稳定，常规处理难达标且产渣量大，传统处理技术(如化学沉淀、吸附)存在处理成本高、资源浪费、二次污染风险等问题。本文围绕“达标处理–深度净化–金属回用–无渣排放”的资源化利用技术路线，系统梳理化学还原、电絮凝、电解回收、耐污染膜、生物吸附及人工湿地等技术进展，提出“分质分流–靶向破络–膜浓缩–电解/结晶”集成路线，并在苏粤浙12家电镀园区示范：Cu、Ni回收率 ≥ 98%，水回用率 ≥ 70%，全过程无危险废渣。

Abstract: Electroplating is a major source of heavy metal pollution. Electroplating effluents contain highly toxic ions such as Ni, Cr and Cu together with cyanide and other complex pollutants; the metals are present as stable complexes that resist conventional treatment, generate large amounts of sludge, and incur high costs, resource loss and secondary pollution risks. Focusing on the technical route of “compliance treatment–deep purification–metal reuse–sludge-free discharge”, this paper systematically reviews advances in chemical reduction, electrocoagulation, electrowinning, fouling-resistant membranes, biosorption and constructed wetlands. An integrated scheme of “source segregation-targeted decomplexation–membrane concentration-electrowinning/crystallization” is proposed and demonstrated in twelve electroplating parks in Jiangsu, Guangdong and Zhejiang: Cu and Ni recoveries ≥ 98 %, water reuse ≥ 70 %, with zero hazardous sludge.