跨境电商数据流动的规制路径比较研究

Comparative Research on Regulation Paths for Cross-Border Data Flows in E-Commerce

摘要: 在数字经济快速发展的背景下，跨境电子商务成为我国外贸新业态的重要组成部分，其运营高度依赖数据资源的全球流动。随着国际主要经济体相继强化对数据出境的监管规则，数据跨境合规问题逐渐演变为制约我国跨境电商企业出海发展的重要因素。本文从典型业务场景出发，识别当前跨境电商企业涉及的数据跨境流动类型，并围绕欧盟、美国与中国三种具有代表性的治理模式展开比较分析，归纳各模式的制度特征与规制逻辑。在此基础上，本文指出当前国际规则碎片化与治理体系差异性所导致的现实困境，并提出健全国内法律框架、推动重点数据目录分级管理、积极参与全球治理规则制定等路径建议，以实现安全与效率兼顾、规则与发展协同的数据跨境治理目标，助力我国数字贸易的高质量发展。

Abstract: With the rapid expansion of the digital economy, cross-border e-commerce has become a vital force driving China’s foreign trade. Its business operations rely heavily on the global flow of data. However, as major economies such as the EU and the US have intensified their regulation of cross-border data transfers, compliance risks are becoming a major concern for Chinese e-commerce enterprises seeking international growth. This paper begins by identifying the primary scenarios in which cross-border data transfers occur within e-commerce activities. It then conducts a comparative analysis of three major regulatory models: the EU’s rights-based supranational governance, the US’s dual-track approach of external liberalization and internal security control, and China’s security-oriented regulatory framework. The paper highlights the challenges arising from fragmented international rules and jurisdictional conflicts and proposes policy recommendations including the refinement of domestic legal frameworks, the establishment of tiered data classification systems, and active participation in international rule-making. These measures aim to strike a balance between data security and flow, ensuring the sustainable development of China’s digital trade.