论马克思异化理论的理论渊源、历史演进与当代意蕴

On the Theoretical Origins, Historical Evolution, and Contemporary Implications of Marx’s Alienation Theory

摘要: 马克思的异化理论是贯穿其思想发展历程的核心线索。本文系统考察了该理论的形成、发展与当代价值。首先，论文梳理了其理论渊源，指出马克思在批判性吸收黑格尔的精神辩证法与费尔巴哈的宗教人本学基础上，将异化主体锚定为“现实的个人”，并将异化场域从思辨领域转向物质生产领域。其次，论文勾勒了其历史演进脉络，揭示了异化理论如何从人本主义的价值批判，经历史唯物主义重构，最终以“商品拜物教”为核心的政治经济学批判。最后，论文重点阐发了其当代意蕴，论证该理论为批判数字劳动异化、消费社会符号支配等现象提供了敏锐的分析工具，并为反思现代性悖论、探索以人的自由全面发展为尺度的文明新形态提供了深刻的价值指引。研究表明，马克思异化理论仍是诊断当代社会病症、指引人类解放道路不可或缺的思想资源。

Abstract: Marx’s theory of alienation is a core thread running through his intellectual development. This paper systematically examines the formation, development, and contemporary significance of this theory. Firstly, it traces the theoretical origins, highlighting how Marx, by critically absorbing Hegel’s dialectic of spirit and Feuerbach’s humanistic critique of religion, anchored the alienated subject as the “real individual” and shifted the field of alienation from the speculative realm to the domain of material production. Secondly, it outlines the historical evolution of the theory, revealing how it transformed from a humanistic critique of values, through the reconstruction of historical materialism, to a political economy critique centered on “commodity fetishism”. Finally, it elaborates on its contemporary implications, demonstrating that the theory provides a sharp analytical tool for critiquing phenomena such as the alienation of digital labor and the symbolic domination in consumer society, and offers profound value guidance for reflecting on the paradoxes of modernity and exploring new forms of civilization measured by the free and all-round development of human beings. The research indicates that Marx’s theory of alienation remains an indispensable ideological resource for diagnosing contemporary social ills and guiding the path of human liberation.