基于语料库的俄语放置动词ставить的多义语义特征分析

A Corpus-Based Study of the Polysemous Semantic Features of the Russian Placement Verb ставить

摘要: 本文基于《Толковый словарь Ожегова》中动词ставить的15个常见义项，结合俄语国家语料库，探讨该高频放置动词的多义语义特征及其语义角色分布情况。在语义类型划分上，本文依据认知语言学中的隐喻理论，将除基础意义外的12个派生义项归类为结构隐喻、方位隐喻与实体隐喻三大类。通过真实语料实例的分析发现，ставить的多义结构体现出从具体动作向抽象概念迁移的认知路径，各义项在句法表现与语义角色配置方面呈现出系统性差异。研究表明，认知隐喻机制在动词多义演变中具有重要作用，语义角色分布可作为识别义项边界与语义类型的重要参数和指标。

Abstract: Based on 15 common senses of the verb ставить as recorded in Ozhegov’s Explanatory Dictionary (Толковый словарь Ожегова) and supported by data from the Russian National Corpus, this study investigates the polysemous semantic features of this high-frequency placement verb and the distribution of its semantic roles. In terms of semantic categorization, drawing on the theory of metaphor in cognitive linguistics, twelve derived senses—apart from the basic meaning—are classified into three types: structural metaphor, orientational metaphor, and ontological metaphor. Analysis of authentic corpus examples demonstrates that the polysemous structure of ставить reflects a cognitive trajectory from concrete physical actions to abstract conceptual domains, with each sense displaying systematic differences in syntactic realization and semantic role configuration. The findings suggest that cognitive metaphor plays a crucial role in the polysemous development of verbs, and that semantic role distribution serves as an important parameter and criterion for identifying sense boundaries and semantic types.