马克思前资本主义社会形态分析研究——基于《1857~1858年经济学手稿》

Analysis of Pre-Capitalist Social Forms by Marx—A Study Based on Marx’s “Economic Manuscripts of 1857~1858”

摘要: 本文基于马克思《1857~1858年经济学手稿》的核心论述，系统考察了前资本主义社会形态的基本特征及其向资本主义社会形态转变的内在逻辑。文章重点分析了前资本主义社会生产力水平低下、自然经济占主导地位的特点，揭示了劳动与自然条件的天然统一性对生产力发展的制约作用。通过对比研究，深入探讨了从前资本主义社会到资本主义社会的根本转变，特别是生产目的从使用价值到交换价值的转变，以及社会关系由人对人的直接依赖转变为物对人的间接依赖这一深刻变革。研究表明，这一转变过程本质上是生产力与生产关系矛盾运动的必然结果。文章最后结合当代全球化背景，探讨了马克思这一理论成果对理解现代社会变迁的现实意义。

Abstract: This paper systematically examines the fundamental characteristics of pre-capitalist social forms and the internal logic of their transformation into capitalist society, based on the core arguments in Marx’s “Economic Manuscripts of 1857~1858”. The study focuses on the low productivity levels and the dominance of natural economy in pre-capitalist societies, revealing how the inherent unity between labor and natural conditions constrained productivity development. Through comparative analysis, it explores the fundamental shift from pre-capitalist to capitalist society, particularly the transformation of production objectives from use value to exchange value, and the profound change in social relations from direct human dependence to indirect material dependence. The research demonstrates that this transformation is essentially the inevitable outcome of the contradiction between productive forces and production relations. Finally, the paper discusses the contemporary relevance of Marx’s theoretical achievements in understanding modern social changes within the context of globalization.