基于内质网应激治疗多囊卵巢综合征研究进展
Research Progress on Treating Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Based on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.15113159, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 郭琴琴*:黑龙江中医药大学研究生院,黑龙江 哈尔滨;张跃辉#:黑龙江中医药大学附属第一医院妇一科,黑龙江 哈尔滨
关键词: 多囊卵巢综合征内质网应激治疗Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Treatment
摘要: 内质网应激(Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, ERS)是细胞的一种保护性应激反应,细胞因此降低胞内未折叠蛋白浓度,抑制未折叠蛋白产生凝集。近年来研究发现多囊卵巢综合征(polycystic ovary syndrome, PCOS)发病机制与ERS有关,以此为突破点,相关治疗也相应开展,现就ERS治疗PCOS研究进展作一综述,旨在为PCOS治疗提供新的思路。
Abstract: Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is a protective cellular stress response that reduces intracellular concentrations of unfolded proteins and inhibits their aggregation. Recent studies have revealed an association between ERS and the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This breakthrough has spurred the development of related therapeutic interventions. This review summarizes current research progress on ERS-targeted therapies for PCOS, aiming to provide new perspectives for its clinical management.
文章引用:郭琴琴, 张跃辉. 基于内质网应激治疗多囊卵巢综合征研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(11): 768-774. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.15113159

1. 引言

多囊卵巢综合征(Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, PCOS)是最常见的妇科内分泌疾病之一,在育龄女性中的发病率高达6%~20% [1]。PCOS是以高雄激素血症、胰岛素抵抗、卵巢功能障碍、性激素紊乱为特征,临床多表现为月经失调、不孕、多毛、痤疮、肥胖和黑棘皮症,是一种异质性疾病。临床上,PCOS治疗以调整生活方式,控制饮食和体重,调整月经周期,降低雄激素水平,改善胰岛素抵抗,促排卵和辅助生殖技术(In Vitro Fertilization Embryo Transplantation, IVF-ET)为主。目前,PCOS病因不明,但是最近有研究证明其发病机制与内质网应激(Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, ERS)有关[2] [3],从ERS角度治疗PCOS的研究也逐渐开展。本文根据最新相关研究进展,对基于ERS治疗PCOS做一综述,以期为后续研究及治疗提供新的视角和方向。

2. 内质网应激及其作用机制

内质网应激

内质网(Endoplasmic Reticulum, ER)是一种真核细胞的多功能细胞器,负责细胞稳态、蛋白质合成、折叠和分泌[4]。但在某些生理生化病理过强刺激下,如:化学物质、营养物质缺乏(氨基酸、葡萄糖)、钙耗竭、突变基因的表达导致蛋白质折叠困难、脂类和类固醇增加、DNA损伤、乙醇、紫外线、毒性物质(如重金属)、以及病毒/细菌感染等等[5],ER稳态破坏,错误折叠或未折叠蛋白质的积累,诱发ERS。对ERS的适应性反应是激活未折叠蛋白反应(Unfolded Protein Response, UPR),这种反应会影响多种细胞功能,以维持ER平衡或导致细胞凋亡。三种不同的ER跨膜传感器,包括双链RNA依赖的蛋白激酶样内质网激酶(PERK)、活化转录因子6 (ATF6)和肌醇激酶1 (IRE-1),负责启动UPR [6]。通过CHOP基因的激活转录、JNK、caspase三条通路调节ERS诱导细胞凋亡。

3. 内质网应激与多囊卵巢综合征

PCOS以高雄激素血症、胰岛素抵抗、卵巢功能障碍、性激素紊乱为特征,临床多表现为月经失调、不孕、多毛、痤疮、肥胖和黑棘皮症,是育龄期女性常见的内分泌疾病之一。目前,越来越多的研究表明PCOS与ERS之间有着密切关系。Zhu等[7]在PCOS雄激素过量、ERS和β细胞功能的分子调控研究中,发现睾酮(Testosterone, TE)暴露通过维持β细胞中胰岛素过表达显著诱导ERS和细胞凋亡,进而损害胰岛素原的成熟和分泌;而阻断该过程可显著缓解ERS和细胞凋亡,改善胰岛素稳态。杨星等[8]在肥胖PCOS患者子宫内膜内质网应激反应研究中,证明肥胖女性在异常脂质代谢同时伴随的内膜组织高脂状态,会激活内质网PERK应激通路。另外,ERS参与调节卵巢颗粒细胞(Granulosa Cells, GCs)和卵母细胞凋亡,导致卵泡闭锁,甚至卵巢纤维化[9]。Takahashi等[10]也证明PCOS患者GCs中ERS的激活导致卵巢纤维化。综上,不难发现,ERS与PCOS内在病理之间相互影响,PCOS某些病理因素诱导ERS,ERS又进一步加重PCOS病理程度,二者呈恶性循环状态。

4. 基于内质网应激治疗多囊卵巢综合征

临床上,PCOS传统治疗多从调整生活方式,控制饮食和体重,调整月经周期,降低雄激素水平,改善胰岛素抵抗,促排卵和IVF-ET入手。基于ERS与PCOS发病机制相关性,相关治疗研究陆续开展,治疗方式主要有:ERS抑制剂治疗、天然化合物治疗、电针治疗、中药复方治疗等,具体如下。

4.1. 内质网应激抑制剂治疗多囊卵巢综合征

内质网应激抑制剂,如二甲双胍、牛磺熊脱氧胆酸(Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid, TUDCA)、4-苯基丁酸(4-Phenylbutylic Acid, 4-PBA)、BGP-15等被发现可用于治疗多囊卵巢综合征。

二甲双胍多年来被用于治疗PCOS代谢及生殖障碍患者,但是其具体作用机制不详。最近有研究表明二甲双胍可通过抑制ERS治疗PCOS。Jin等[11]在二甲双胍是否在体内体外抑制过量雄激素诱导的小鼠ERS研究中,与对照组相比,PCOS患者ERS标志物GRP78、CHOP和X盒结合蛋白1 (X-Box Binding Protein-1, XBP1)的s片段以及UPR传感器蛋白表达升高;与对照组小鼠相比,经双氢睾酮(Dihydrotestosterone, DHT)处理的PCOS小鼠卵巢中高雄激素诱导卵丘卵母细胞复合体(Cumulus-Oocyte Complexe, COC)和GC中p38 MARK磷酸化;体外实验中,二甲双胍或p38 MARK抑制剂可减轻原代培养的GC和COC中TE诱导的ERS。结果表明二甲双胍可通过抑制p38 MARK磷酸化来缓解TE诱导的ERS。Koike等[3]也认为通过二甲双胍治疗能够减少ERS应激和雄激素诱导培养的小鼠COC的扩增。

TUDCA作为一种有效的化学伴侣,已被报道可以降低肥胖模型小鼠肝脏中的ERS并恢复葡萄糖稳态[12] [13]。Takahashi等[10]研究发现ERS诱导剂——衣霉素(Tunicamycin,TM)和毒胡萝卜素(Thapsigargin, TG)——会增加促纤维化生长因子在PCOS患者GCs中的表达;而用TUDCA治疗PCOS小鼠,可减少卵巢间质纤维化和胶原沉积,降低促纤维化生长因子的表达。Azhary等[14] [15]研究表明TUDCA的应用能够降低窦卵泡GCs的凋亡率和死亡受体5 (Death Receptor 5, DR5)免疫反应性及其CHOP的表达,部分改善卵巢PCOS样特征,如:卵巢纤维化。Zhu等[7]采用TE + TUDCA阻断雄激素受体(Androgen Receptor, AR)信号通路可明显降低TE诱导的细胞凋亡。Sun等[16]研究证明用TUDCA处理GCs后细胞凋亡率、XBP1、CHOP和Bax的核糖核酸(Messenger Ribonucleic Acid, mRNA)或蛋白表达量明显降低,而Bcl-2的表达量、孕酮和雌激素水平明显升高。Koike等[3]也认为TUDCA可以抑制与ERS相关的细胞凋亡。

4-PBA也是一种ERS抑制剂。Cui等[17]在真核起始因子2α (Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2 Alpha, eIF2α)信号级联的激活与INS-1细胞中TE诱导的细胞凋亡有关研究中,发现4-PBA预处理能够抑制TE诱导的与ERS相关的细胞凋亡和CHOP的表达。Koike等[3]也认为4-PBA可以改善TE诱导的PCOS小鼠模型ERS和胰岛细胞的凋亡。

BGP-15是一种羟肟酸衍生物,是伴侣蛋白热休克蛋白72 (Heat Shock Protein 72, HSP72)的一种强效诱导剂。Wu等[18]发现在排卵前用BGP-15处理肥胖雌鼠可抑制ERS,恢复卵母细胞、胚胎发育至瘦小鼠相同水平。Takahashi等[10]在PCOS小鼠模型中,用BGP-15治疗减少了卵巢中间质纤维化和胶原沉积,同时伴有GCs转化生长因子(Transforming Growth Factor, TGF) β1的降低。

4.2. 天然化合物治疗多囊卵巢综合征

目前,多种天然化合物,如:姜黄素、白藜芦醇、槲皮素、虾青素、黄芪甲苷等,也被发现可通过调节内质网应激来治疗多囊卵巢综合征。

姜黄素是姜黄的主要活性成分,是一种天然多酚化合物。Zhang等[19]研究证明姜黄素和有氧运动可以缓解高雄激素血症诱导的ERS,抑制IRE1α-XBP1通路,阻止PCOS样大鼠卵巢GC凋亡,从而改善卵巢微环境,促进卵泡发育。Zhang等[20]还发现姜黄素通过激活PCOS模型大鼠卵巢GCs中PI3K/AKT信号传导来抑制高雄激素诱导的IRE1α-XBP1通路激活。Koike等[3]认为使用姜黄素治疗可消除体内外雄激素诱导的ERS和GC的凋亡。

白藜芦醇也是一种天然多酚化合物,存在于葡萄、虎杖中[21]。Banaszewska等[22]首次发现白藜芦醇可降低PCOS患者的血清雄激素和硫酸脱氢表雄酮(Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate, DHEAS)水平。Brenjian等[23]研究发现与安慰剂对照组相比,白藜芦醇干预治疗组PCOS患者GCs中UPR基因ATF4和ATF6的mRNA水平升高,而GRP78、CHOP和XBP1的mRNA水平降低,提示白藜芦醇干预治疗至少在一定程度上可以通过改变参与UPR过程的基因表达来调节GC中的ERS。Lee等[24]研究证明白藜芦醇能降低TM处理细胞中ERS标志物p-PERK、p-IRE1α和CHOP的蛋白表达,并增加内质网相关降解因子SEL1L和HRD1的表达。

槲皮素是一种的天然黄酮类化合物,广泛存在于植物中,如洋葱、银杏等。Khorshidi等[25]在一项随机对照研究中发现补充槲皮素可降低患有PCOS的肥胖女性抵抗素血浆水平、基因表达、TE及LH水平。江雪娟等[26]也在一项研究中发现槲皮素可能通过抑制AGEs/RAGE信号通路减轻胰岛素抵抗,促进卵泡发育,发挥对PCOS大鼠的改善作用。

虾青素是一种叶黄素类胡萝卜素,也是一种天然化合物。Bhuvaneswari等[27]在虾青素对高果糖脂肪饮食喂养小鼠肝脏ERS和炎症影响研究中,发现经虾青素处理的高果糖脂肪饮食小鼠PERK、p-eIFα、ATF-6和XBP1蛋白表达增加,BIP增加明显减少。Lin等[28]也发现虾青素通过抑制钙内流和ERS来减弱谷氨酸诱导的细胞凋亡。Wang等[29]则发现虾青素通过ERS介导心脏细胞凋亡来减轻酒精性心脏病。这些研究都提示虾青素能够抑制ERS。最近Jabarpour等[30]的研究明确表明虾青素可以通过改变UPR所包含的基因和蛋白的表达来调节PCOS患者GCs中的ERS。

黄芪甲苷是中药黄芪中提取的主要活性成分,是一种皂苷类化合物。李艳青等[31]通过一项随机对照试验发现与模型组相比,黄芪甲苷高剂量组能有效改善卵巢多囊状态及激素水平,缓解机体氧化应激损伤。刘冷等[32]通过检测卵巢组织MAPK/ERK通路组织相关蛋白表达,发现黄芪甲苷可能通过抑制MAPK/ERK通路活化,拮抗肥胖PCOS大鼠胰岛素抵抗,改善激素水平和卵巢功能。

此外,越来越多天然化合物被发现可用于治疗PCOS,如Chiang等[33]研究发现咖啡酸也能通过对抗氧化应激引发的细胞凋亡和ERS来缓解PCOS;Wang等[34]研究证明番茄红素可激活AMPK/Nrf2通路,而AMPK抑制剂会降低番茄红素对PCOS的治疗作用。

4.3. 电针治疗多囊卵巢综合征

电针是将针刺与电刺激相结合的一种治疗方式。目前,越来越多研究证明电针对PCOS有治疗作用。Shi等[35]研究发现电针可调节抗苗勒管激素(Anti-Müllerian Hormone, AMH)和卵泡刺激素(Follicle Stimulating Hormone, FSH)失衡改善PCOS大鼠卵泡发育和高雄激素血症。不过,其是否通过ERS改善PCOS样症状不得而知。Cong等[36]研究证明电针能够显著缓解PCOS大鼠卵巢细胞凋亡、自噬和抑制ERS相关PERK/EIF2α/ATF4/CHOP信号的激活。Peng等[37]在研究电针是否可以通过调节自噬来减轻大鼠的PCOS样症状问题中,明确电针治疗可以下调PCOS样大鼠卵巢组织中增加的GPR78、ATF4和CHOP水平,缓解ERS。

4.4. 中药复方治疗多囊卵巢综合征

在与ERS相关治疗PCOS作用方面,中医药也有着一定的贡献。Xu等[38]研究发现经坤灵丸治疗能降低caspase-12、GRP78蛋白水平,降低IRE-1磷酸化、XBP1s,同时降低卵巢组织和GCs的eIF2α和ATF磷酸化,改善DHEA引起的PCOS样症状。Pan等[39]研究证明补肾解郁调冲方通过PERK-ATF4-CHOP信号通路减少PCOS慢性应激大鼠模型GCs凋亡。田珈瑜等[40]研究表明归肾丸加味可通过调控AMPK/Akt/Nrf2通路改善PCOS大鼠糖脂代谢异常及氧化应激损伤。董双千等[41]试验证明启宫丸可能通过AdipoR/AMPK信号通路改善PCOS大鼠胰岛素抵抗及内分泌功能。刘海娟等[42]最近研究发现斡旋中州方可通过AMPK/PGC1-α/Irisin通路改善PCOS小鼠模型胰岛素抵抗和无排卵症状。

5. 结语与展望

ERS作为近年来研究的一大热点,涉及领域广泛,包括肝病、心血管疾病、糖尿病、癌症等[43]-[46]。近来发现其与PCOS发病机制密切相关,相关治疗研究陆续进行,如:ERS抑制剂治疗、天然化合物治疗、电针治疗和中药复方治疗。在安全性方面,中药复方和电针已经被用于临床治疗;二甲双胍已被用于临床治疗PCOS患者;TUDCA目前已被批准用于肝硬化、胆结石[47];4-PBA临床上被用于尿素循环障碍的治疗[3];BGP-15在治疗糖尿病和胰岛素抵抗2期临床试验中也被证明是安全的[48]。尽管如此,目前相关方面临床数据尚不足,其用药剂量、疗效、个体差异性等等尚未可知,基于ERS治疗PCOS将是未来研究的新的靶点。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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