全球主要锂矿资源提取技术：进展、挑战与未来趋势
Global Lithium Resource Extraction Technologies: Advances, Challenges, and Future Trends
DOI: 10.12677/hjcet.2025.156032, PDF,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 普小凡, 莫美仙*, 普夕婷, 杨文军, 饶 磊：玉溪师范学院地理与国土工程学院，云南 玉溪；王 娜：云南省有色地质局三一三队，云南 玉溪
关键词: 锂矿资源；提取技术；技术进展；产业挑战；发展趋势；Lithium Resources； Extraction Technologies； Technological Advancements； Industrial Challenges； Development Trends
摘要: 在全球“碳中和”目标驱动下，锂作为新能源汽车、储能电池的核心原料，其资源供给与提取技术成为产业发展关键。本文系统梳理全球锂矿资源分布格局，聚焦卤水型、硬岩型、黏土型三类主流锂矿，深入分析各类型资源的提取技术进展(含传统工艺与新兴技术)，剖析当前技术面临的技术瓶颈、成本压力、环境风险及政策市场制约，最终提出绿色低碳化、多技术耦合化、资源综合利用化及智能化的未来发展趋势。研究表明：卤水提锂以吸附法、膜分离法为主流；硬岩提锂向高压酸浸、生物浸出转型；黏土提锂仍处于研发攻坚阶段；技术共性挑战集中于效率与环保的平衡，未来需通过技术创新与产业协同，实现锂资源可持续开发，为新能源产业链安全提供支撑。
Abstract: Driven by the global pursuit of carbon neutrality, lithium, a core material for new energy vehicles and energy storage batteries, has become pivotal. This paper comprehensively reviews the global distribution of lithium resources, with a focus on three major types: brine, hard rock, and clay. It delves into the technological advancements in extraction methods for each type, including traditional processes and emerging technologies. The paper also examines the current technological bottlenecks, cost pressures, environmental risks, and policy-market constraints. Future development trends such as green low-carbon approaches, multi-technology integration, comprehensive resource utilization, and smart technologies are proposed. Research findings indicate that brine-type lithium extraction primarily relies on adsorption and membrane separation techniques, while hard rock-type lithium extraction is transitioning to high-pressure acid leaching and bioleaching. Clay-type lithium extraction remains in the research and development phase. A common technical challenge across all types lies in balancing efficiency and environmental protection. Future sustainable development of lithium resources requires technological innovation and industrial synergy to ensure the security of the new energy industry chain.
文章引用：普小凡, 莫美仙, 普夕婷, 杨文军, 饶磊, 王娜. 全球主要锂矿资源提取技术：进展、挑战与未来趋势[J]. 化学工程与技术, 2025, 15(6): 347-360. https://doi.org/10.12677/hjcet.2025.156032

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