换热器污垢沉积特性与调控技术研究综述

A Review of Heat Exchanger Fouling Deposition Characteristics and Control Technology

摘要: 换热器作为能源转换与工业生产的核心设备，其表面污垢沉积会导致传热效率显著下降、能耗激增及设备寿命缩短，已成为制约工业系统高效运行的关键瓶颈。本文围绕颗粒污垢与析晶污垢两类典型污垢，系统梳理国内外在污垢沉积特性、影响因素及调控技术方面的研究成果，重点分析流动参数、壁面结构、物理场作用及多相耦合对污垢形成的影响机制。国内研究以实验验证与工程应用为导向，聚焦操作参数优化、壁面结构改进及物理场抑垢技术开发；国外研究侧重热力学机理解析、动态监测模型构建及微观尺度机制探索。通过对比分析发现，流速、颗粒/离子浓度、壁面粗糙度及超声/脉动场是调控污垢沉积的核心因素，且各因素间存在显著交互作用。最后总结当前研究存在的不足，指出多物理场协同抑垢、跨尺度模拟方法及智能监测优化是未来重点研究方向，为换热器防垢设计与高效运行提供理论支撑与技术参考。

Abstract: Heat exchangers, as core equipment in energy conversion and industrial production, cause a significant decrease in heat transfer efficiency, a sharp increase in consumption, and a shortened equipment life due to surface fouling deposition, which has become a key bottleneck restricting the efficient operation of industrial systems. This paper focuses on two typical fouling: particle fouling and crystallization fouling, and systematically sorts out the research results of domestic and foreign studies on the deposition characteristics, influencing factors, control technologies of fouling. The influence mechanism of flow parameters, wall structures, physical field effects, and multiphase coupling on fouling formation is analyzed. Domestic research is by experimental verification and engineering application, focusing on the optimization of operating parameters, the improvement of wall structures, and the development of physical field anti-fouling technology. Foreign research on the analysis of thermodynamic mechanism, the construction of dynamic monitoring models, and the exploration of micro-scale mechanisms. Through comparative analysis, it is found that the core factors regulating fouling deposition are flow velocity, particle/ion concentration, wall roughness, and ultrasonic/pulsating field, and there is a significant interaction between each factor. The shortcomings of current research are summarized, and it is pointed out that multi-physical field synergistic anti-fouling, cross-scale simulation methods, and monitoring optimization are key research directions for the future, providing theoretical support and technical references for the anti-fouling design and efficient operation of heat exchangers.