规制自动驾驶交通肇事的刑法困境及路径分析

The Legislative Regulation Path of Traffic Accidents Caused by Autonomous Driving

摘要: 自动驾驶技术向L4级演进，传统过失犯罪认定体系遇困：一是“一元化驾驶员责任”不适用；二是“注意义务违反”标准难应对算法黑箱；三是技术故障等致害因素交织，因果关系难证。立法规制需遵循技术适配性与责任公平性原则，建分层框架。责任主体认定上，根据风险支配原则将制造商、研发者纳入，并允许合规抗辩。过失标准引入“客观归责理论”与“合理可预见性”。综上，需通过主体分层、标准重构、制度配套，实现风险防控、责任公平与技术创新统一。

Abstract: As autonomous driving technology evolves to Level L4, the traditional liability determination framework for negligent crimes faces three critical challenges: First, the “single-source driver responsibility” principle proves inadequate; second, the “negligence breach” standard struggles to address algorithmic black boxes; third, the intertwining of technical failures and other harmful factors complicates causality verification. Regulatory legislation should follow the principles of technological compatibility and equitable liability, establishing a tiered framework. In determining liability, manufacturers and developers should be included under the risk allocation principle with permissible compliance defenses. The negligence standard should incorporate both the “objective imputation theory” and “reasonable foreseeability.” Ultimately, through hierarchical subject classification, standardized restructuring, and institutional coordination, we can achieve unified risk prevention, equitable liability, and technological innovation.