女性复发性尿路感染的非抗生素疗法
Nonantibiotic Therapy for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Women
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.15113199, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 李 田:成都中医药大学医学与生命科学学院,四川 成都;杨 宇*:宜宾市第一人民医院泌尿外科,四川 宜宾
关键词: 复发性尿路感染非抗生素疗法行为干预膳食补充剂Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection Nonantibiotic Therapy Behavioral Therapy Dietary Supplement
摘要: 复发性尿路感染是女性常见的泌尿系统疾病,反复发作不仅严重影响生活质量,还加剧抗生素药物的使用及耐药问题。近年来,多种非抗生素措施在复发性尿路感染的治疗中展现出潜力。包括局部激素治疗、免疫干预、生活方式调整、膳食补充剂等非抗生素疗法,其在复发性尿路感染中的临床效果突出,显著减少复发率、延缓复发时间、减少抗生素耐药性等,但目前尚不能完全取代传统治疗。未来还需要大样本、多中心的随机对照试验验证其疗效,并探索联合及个体化干预策略,为临床治疗复发性尿路感染提供诊疗新思路。
Abstract: Recurrent urinary tract infection (rUTI) is a common urological condition in women. Its frequent relapses not only impair quality of life but also lead to increased antibiotic use and the emergence of resistance. In recent years, various non-antibiotic strategies have shown promise in the management of rUTI. These include topical hormone therapy, immunomodulation, lifestyle modifications, and dietary supplements, which have demonstrated clinical benefits by reducing recurrence rates, prolonging recurrence intervals, and mitigating antibiotic resistance. However, such interventions cannot yet fully replace conventional antibiotic therapy. Future large-scale, multicenter randomized controlled trials are warranted to further validate their efficacy and safety, as well as to explore combined and individualized approaches, thereby providing new insights into the clinical management of rUTI.
文章引用:李田, 杨宇. 女性复发性尿路感染的非抗生素疗法[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(11): 1124-1129. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.15113199

1. 引言

尿路感染(urinary tract infection, UTI)是临床最常见的细菌感染之一,尤其在女性中负担沉重。流行病学调查显示,超过一半的女性一生中至少发生过一次UTI,其中约25%会出现复发性尿路感染(recurrent UTI, rUTI)。其是一种女性常见疾病,主要包括尿频、尿急、尿痛、尿后滴沥不尽、排尿困难等症状,约60%的女性一生中将经历尿路感染,其中约20%~40%的患者会经历再一次发作,这之中约25%~50%将经历多次复发。只要12个月内至少发生三次尿路感染,或在6个月内至少发生两次尿路感染即为rUTI [1]。传统抗生素治疗虽然能有效控制急性发作,通过抑制泌尿生殖道病原菌缓解感染症状,但长期或反复使用导致耐药菌株不断增加,严重影响临床疗效,也对公共健康构成威胁,其已成为临床一大难题。近年来,局部激素治疗、免疫干预、生活方式调整等方法逐渐进入临床研究和部分指南。本文综述当前非抗生素干预UTI的研究进展,并探讨未来发展方向。

2. 行为干预

2.1. 饮水量

研究发现其是目前证据最为充分的非抗生素预防策略之一。Hooton等在一项随机对照试验中[2],将受复发性尿路感染困扰的成年女性随机分配为试验组与对照组,对照组仅摄入日常饮水量,试验组在其基础上每天增加1500 mL饮水量,随访1年发现,试验组的尿路感染发作次数低于对照组,复发次数从一年3.2次降至1.7次,并极大延长复发时间。其证明了增加饮水量有利于稀释和清除尿中的细菌。

2.2. 性行为

性行为被认为是复发性UTI的重要危险因素[3],尤其在绝经前女性中更为显著。多项流行病学研究证实,性行为频率与UTI风险呈正相关,且存在不良卫生习惯者(如性行为前后缺乏清洁、性行为后未及时排尿、擦拭方式不当)的发病风险更高。与此同时,避孕方式亦与感染风险相关,含杀精剂成分的避孕套其能够破坏乳酸杆菌,增加尿道口大肠杆菌定植率,从而提升复发风险。临床上应加强宣教,建议患者保持良好卫生,在性生活前后排空尿液;使用有杀精剂涂层的避孕套者,应更改避孕方法等。

3. 雌激素疗法

绝经后女性的rUTI与雌激素缺乏密切相关。绝经期雌激素缺乏改变了泌尿生殖道环境,减少了宫颈阴道分泌物和上皮屏障功能,改变了微生物和代谢环境,为泌尿道病原体的定植创造了有利条件,增加感染风险。阴道雌激素通过乳杆菌菌群增加恢复阴道微生态、降低尿路pH,及抗菌肽的表达诱导等限制尿路感染,显著减少复发[4] [5]。多项随机对照试验及系统综述证实,雌激素治疗在绝经后女性中具有明确的临床获益,而口服雌激素未显示类似效果[6] [7]。局部使用雌激素在预防绝经后妇女复发性UTI中的治疗效果显著[6]-[8],被欧洲泌尿外科协会指南推荐用于该人群。因此推荐局部雌激素作为绝经后女性rUTI的一线非抗生素干预措施[9]-[12]

4. 疫苗与免疫制剂

4.1. Uromune (MV140)

自20世纪90年代以来,人们一直在研究抗菌疫苗及免疫制剂,主要是在患有RUTI的女性人群中[13]。这种疫苗已进行了队列研究和随机试验,表明了其有效性[14] [15]。其包含了四种灭活的细菌,包括尿路致病性大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、普通变形杆菌和粪肠球菌。该疫苗于2010年在西班牙批准使用,是一种舌下喷雾形式的预防rUTI的疫苗,通过在泌尿生殖系统中激活固有免疫和诱导T细胞活化激活的特异性免疫[16] [17],对这些特定细菌产生长期的防御能力,从而减少UTI的发生率。一项研究表明[18],在细菌免疫治疗12个月后,尿路感染者的数量与MV140治疗前相比显著减少,其减少的速度在7~40倍之间。研究结果表明,Uromune疫苗可以显著降低尿路感染的复发率,同时减少了抗生素的使用。Uromune疫苗的不良反应发生率较低,常见不良反应有口干、胃炎、轻度恶心等。未来需要更多的随机试验来了解这种疫苗是否有效,以及它可能需要重新接种的频率。

4.2. OM-89

其是一种免疫调节药物,由18株UPEC菌株的细菌提取物组成,通过诱导机体产生抗原特异性抗体和细胞免疫应答来预防rUTI [19]。欧洲泌尿外科协会指南建议预防性使用OM-89 [20],因为在6个月的随访中,与安慰剂相比,几项荟萃分析已经证明了它在预防尿路感染方面的有效性[21] [22],其中OM-89导致尿路感染减少39%,与安慰剂相比,副作用最小。这种治疗有助于减少复发感染的频率、患者的症状、抗生素耐药性的风险。Mata分析结果显示,这几种药物均能在短期内有效预防UTI,且安全性高。由于缺乏统一的定义和长期的随访,还需要更多的试验[22]

5. 膳食补充剂

5.1. 蔓越莓

蔓越莓(cranberry)因其所含的多酚类化合物,特别是A型原花青素(proanthocyanidins, PACs),近年来被广泛关注作为一种非抗生素的预防复发性尿路感染的替代手段。研究表明,蔓越莓能够通过多种机制发挥作用。首先,蔓越莓中的PACs可有效抑制致病菌,特别是尿路致病性大肠杆菌(uropathogenic Escherichia coli, UPEC),在泌尿道上皮细胞表面的黏附。这种抗黏附作用可阻止病原体定植与感染的发生,从而降低女性UTI的发生率和严重程度[23] [24]。进一步的体外实验显示,PACs能够显著抑制UPEC的生长且不会诱导耐药性形成[25]。Hidalgo等的研究发现[26],蔓越莓化合物通过下调鞭毛蛋白基因抑制UPEC运动,提示抑制鞭毛介导的运动可能是cPACs预防UTIs的关键机制。其次,蔓越莓还可能通过调节宿主免疫反应来发挥作用。蔓越莓多酚可减轻感染相关的免疫反应炎性级联,从而改善症状并缩短病程[23] [24]。一项为期24周的随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验[27],其表明连续六个月每天饮用250mL蔓越莓饮料,可显著降低39%的UTI发作风险。这一结果为蔓越莓在UTI防治中的潜在临床价值提供了证据。尽管如此,关于蔓越莓制剂的临床试验结果并不一致,一些大型随机对照试验未能得出完全肯定的结论。因此,蔓越莓可作为辅助措施,但尚不足以替代常规预防策略。

5.2. D-甘露糖

D-甘露糖是一种容易在尿液中吸收和排泄的单糖,可被尿路病原体识别和结合,防止细菌黏附,特别是大肠杆菌与尿路上皮细胞。一项研究表明[28],它与每天50毫克呋喃妥因效果差异不大,初步证明其预防rUTI有效。此外,一项体外研究评估了D-甘露糖对反复尿路感染妇女的尿液标本中提取的不同的大肠杆菌菌株的粘附性的影响[29],D-甘露糖可以完全抑制42%的大肠杆菌菌株与阴道上皮细胞的黏附,对另外18%的菌株的抑制作用至少为50%。然而,与蔓越莓类似,不同临床研究的剂量、疗程和持续时间缺乏一致性。最近一项随机临床试验[30],每日服用D-甘露糖并未降低在反复尿路感染女性的复发几率,提示其预防作用有限。总体而言,2022年欧洲泌尿外科协会指南建议使用D-甘露糖来减少尿路感染的复发。未来我们需要更多的大规模临床对照研究来验证其是否有效。

5.3. 益生菌

益生菌具有与细胞黏附、避免尿道病原菌黏附和聚集、影响菌群组成和激活免疫系统等多种功能。研究发现,益生菌可通过避免病原菌黏附等功能抑制泌尿道常见病原体的生长,从而预防UTI发生并降低细菌耐药率[31]。然而,大部分研究的样本数量少,没有明显的临床证据证明其有效性。对九项随机对照研究进行系统分析[32],发现与安慰剂相比,益生菌没有表现明显的改善,但由于数据有限,且来源于方法报告较差的小型研究,因此不能排除其有益的可能性。

6. 总结

复发性尿路感染(rUTI)的管理正面临抗生素耐药性日益加剧的挑战。在此背景下,非抗生素干预逐渐凸显其价值。目前,抗生素仍是UTI治疗的主流方式,但非抗生素疗法已在多个阶段展现出独特优势。它们不仅能够缓解复发性UTI的症状、延长复发间隔,还可减少抗生素使用及相关不良反应,从而显著改善患者生活质量。尽管如此,现有证据显示,非抗生素疗法尚不能完全取代抗生素,其临床应用仍存在研究规模有限、偏倚风险较高、证据级别偏低等不足。未来,针对多种致病机制的靶向干预有望成为UTI管理的重要发展方向。要实现这一目标,需要开展更多高质量、大样本、双盲安慰剂对照的随机试验,以验证不同非抗生素措施的真实疗效与安全性。同时,联合干预策略可能比单一措施更有效,如疫苗与雌激素、膳食补充剂等联合运用,探索个体化的组合方案,需要我们未来继续进行大规模的临床对照研究。进一步的分子机制研究亦十分关键,有助于发现新的药物靶点并推动创新疗法的发展。

综上所述,非抗生素干预策略在复发性UTI的预防与管理中展现了广阔前景。通过开展临床研究、推动个体化联合应用,并深入探索病原菌黏附与入侵的分子机制,有望为降低抗生素耐药性、改善患者预后以及开启复发性UTI治疗的新篇章奠定基础。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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