铜尾矿在地聚物中应用的研究进展

Research Progress on the Application of Copper Tailings in Geopolymers

摘要: 地聚物是一种新型无机硅铝胶凝材料，以含硅、铝的无定形或半晶质材料为原料，在碱性介质激发下，通过硅氧四面体与铝氧四面体的交联反应形成三维网络结构的无机聚合物。铜尾矿又称铜尾砂，是铜矿石经粉碎、分选、精选等作业后，从铜精矿中分离出的粉状或砂砾状固体废弃物，是铜矿选矿过程中的主要副产品，其主要成分包括二氧化硅(SiO₂, 30%~50%)、三氧化二铝(Al₂O₃, 10%~20%)。利用铜尾矿制备的地质聚合物，可替代部分普通硅酸盐水泥，用于制备砌块、地坪等，与生产同标号普通硅酸盐水泥相比，该工艺可减少CO₂排放50%~70%，且制品在抗硫酸盐侵蚀等方面表现出更优的耐久性能。本文系统综述了铜尾矿在地聚物材料中的应用研究进展。在铜尾矿资源现状与环境影响的基础上，分析了铜尾矿作为地聚物原料的化学与矿物学可行性，探讨了其作为硅铝质原料和骨料在地聚物制备中的应用方式、配合比设计、力学性能发展规律和微观结构特征。并梳理了国内外在地聚物混凝土、地聚物砖材、重金属固化体和道路基层材料等领域的研究现状。为实际工程和相关领域的研究提供理论参考，对提高铜尾矿资源化利用具有重要意义。

Abstract: Geopolymer is a new type of inorganic silicon aluminum cementitious material, which uses amorphous or semi crystalline materials containing silicon and aluminum as raw materials. Under alkaline medium excitation, it forms a three-dimensional network structure of inorganic polymers through crosslinking reactions between silicon-oxygen tetrahedra and aluminum-oxygen tetrahedra. Copper tailings, also known as copper tailings, are solid waste materials in the form of powder or gravel separated from copper concentrate after crushing, sorting, and selection of copper ore. They are the main by-products of copper ore beneficiation, and their main components include silicon dioxide (SiO₂, 30%~50%) and aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃, 10%~20%). Geopolymers synthesized from copper tailings can partially replace ordinary Portland cement in manufacturing construction blocks, floor slabs, and similar products. Compared with producing ordinary Portland cement of equivalent strength grade, this technology reduces CO₂ emissions by 50%~70% and yields products with enhanced durability, particularly demonstrating superior resistance to sulfate attack. This article systematically reviews the research progress on the application of copper tailings in geopolymer materials. Based on the current status and environmental impact of copper tailings resources, the chemical and mineralogical feasibility of using copper tailings as geopolymer raw materials was analyzed. The application methods, mix design, mechanical property development laws, and microstructural characteristics of copper tailings as silicon aluminum raw materials and aggregates in geopolymer preparation were explored. And reviewed the research status in the fields of geopolymer concrete, geopolymer bricks, heavy metal solidified bodies, and road base materials both domestically and internationally. This review provides theoretical references for practical engineering and related fields, which is of great significance for improving the resource utilization of copper tailings.