苏醒期谵妄的研究进展
Research Progress on Emergence Delirium
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.15113231, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 刘宇豪*, 宋媛媛, 韩 睿:赣南医科大学第一临床医学院,江西 赣州;钟茂林#:赣南医科大学第一附属医院麻醉科,江西 赣州;赣南医科大学麻醉学重点实验室,江西 赣州
关键词: 苏醒期谵妄预测治疗预防全身麻醉研究进展Emergence Delirium Prediction Management Prevention General Anesthesia Research Advances
摘要: 苏醒期谵妄(Emergence Delirium, ED)作为全身麻醉后急性神经精神综合征,核心表现为意识混乱、定向障碍及激越行为,在儿科与老年群体呈现高发性。目前临床上对ED不够重视以及不能及时识别。ED的诱因涵盖生理状态、手术方式、麻醉策略及疼痛刺激等多因素。目前其防治依赖于药物与非药物的综合干预。尽管ED病程短暂,但会显著损害患者身心健康,延长住院时间并增加医疗负担。值得注意的是,ED是术后谵妄(Postoperative Delirium, POD)的独立危险因素,ED患者发生POD的风险显著升高。因此,对ED进行早期预测、识别和干预具有重要临床意义。本综述基于近年研究进展,从ED危险因素、预测模型、预防策略及治疗方法等方面系统梳理证据,旨在为临床管理提供循证思路。
Abstract: Emergence delirium (ED), an acute neuropsychiatric syndrome following general anesthesia, is characterized by core manifestations of consciousness confusion, disorientation, and agitated behavior. It exhibits high incidence in pediatric and elderly populations. Currently, ED remains clinically overlooked and frequently underrecognized. The etiology of ED encompasses multifactorial elements including physiological status, surgical procedures, anesthetic strategies, and nociceptive stimuli. Its prevention and management rely on integrated pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Although typically transient in duration, ED significantly compromises patients’ physical/mental health, prolongs hospitalization, and increases healthcare costs. Notably, ED serves as an independent risk factor for postoperative delirium (POD), with ED patients demonstrating substantially elevated POD susceptibility. Consequently, early prediction, identification, and intervention for ED carry crucial clinical significance. This review synthesizes recent advancements by systematically examining evidence across key domains: diagnostic criteria, risk factors, predictive models, preventive strategies, and therapeutic approaches for ED, aiming to provide evidence-based guidance for clinical management.
文章引用:刘宇豪, 宋媛媛, 韩睿, 钟茂林. 苏醒期谵妄的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(11): 1369-1376. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.15113231

1. 引言

谵妄(Delirium)是术后常见的急性神经功能障碍,核心临床特征为:意识水平显著波动、注意力障碍、认知功能急性改变[1]。谵妄可能在麻醉恢复室出现,持续时间可达术后一周或直到出院[2]。ED被认为是POD的早期阶段,通常发生在全身麻醉苏醒期间或之后[3]。ED患者可能表现为定向障碍、幻觉、烦躁不安和无目的的多动身体行为[4]。欧洲麻醉学会(ESA)指南将其定义为麻醉结束后24小时内发生的谵妄,并根据表现分为低活动型、高活动型和混合型[5],相比之下,低活动型和混合型ED的研究较少,但其预后可能比活跃型ED更差,原因是临床上对这两种类型的ED识别不足,导致干预延迟。

ED对患者预后的不良影响一直是麻醉医生关注的重点,尤其是活跃型ED,它与术后出血、损伤、延长PACU和住院时间、发病率、死亡率以及资源利用率增加的风险相关[6]。本综述旨在讨论ED的诊断、危险因素、预测、预防和治疗,希望为ED的临床管理提供思路。

2. 风险因素

2.1. 患者特征相关因素

2.1.1. 年龄

老年患者因生理功能减退、共病率高,谵妄发生率显著增加。Radtke等的研究表明,年轻成人(<40岁)与老年(>64岁)的ED发生率均高于中年患者(40~60岁) [7]。此外,与成人相比,儿童发生ED的风险更高。Przybylo [8]等表明,5岁以下的儿童因神经系统未成熟致麻醉药代谢清除能力弱、脑电失衡(如δ波异常增加),ED风险更高。

2.1.2. 术前焦虑

患儿术前焦虑是ED的重要危险因素。一项研究显示[9]约65%儿童存在术前焦虑,其焦虑评分的增加与ED发生风险提升呈明确正相关。尽管传统上采用父母陪伴以缓解患儿术前焦虑并降低ED风险,但循证医学证据质疑其有效性。一项纳入14项研究的系统综述[10]对比发现:父母在场缓解焦虑的效果未显著优于无父母、预防性咪达唑仑给药或两者联用。需特别指出,父母的焦虑情绪可传递给患儿[11],学龄前儿童家属焦虑水平与患儿自身焦虑程度显著相关,提示家属焦虑可加剧患儿应激,间接增加ED风险。

2.1.3. 性格

情绪控制弱、易冲动或认知未成熟的患者ED易感性高,对陌生环境应激更敏感。樊娟等[12]研究通过艾森克人格测试将患儿划分为情绪型和稳定型两组,研究数据显示,情绪型患儿表现出更高程度的术前焦虑状态,且ED发生率显著高于稳定型患儿。

2.2. 手术相关因素

2.2.1. 手术类型与部位

Lepouse [13]等表明,某些手术与ED风险增加相关,如乳房、腹部、耳鼻喉科及眼科手术。一项针对了521例患儿的研究进一步[14]揭示头颈部手术(耳鼻喉科26%、眼科28%)的ED发生率显著高于泌尿外科(15%)、普外科(12%)及其他术式(6%),尽管推测其机制可能与气道复苏阶段的窒息感相关,但该假说仍需更多循证医学证据支持。

2.2.2. 疼痛

ED常伴随疼痛发生(如切口痛、留置导管刺激、气道不适等),但也可能单独出现。研究[15]显示,65% (98/150例)的腺样体/扁桃体手术患儿同时出现ED和疼痛。另一项对416名儿童患者的研究[16]表明,ED患儿在恢复室及术后24 h疼痛发生率显著高于非ED患儿(P = 0.01),凸显疼痛管理在ED防治中的重要性。

2.3. 麻醉因素

2.3.1. 麻醉药物

围术期使用的多种药物可能导致谵妄,包括抗组胺类、苯二氮䓬类药物及抗胆碱药[17]。值得注意的是,吸入麻醉剂在小儿群体中与ED发生呈显著关联,研究报道其发生率可达40% [18]。一项随机对照研究表明,接受七氟烷麻醉的患儿ED发生率(38.3%)较丙泊酚–瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉组(14.9%)高出1.57倍。目前无充分证据表明七氟烷、异氟烷或地氟烷在ED风险上有显著差异[19] [20]

2.3.2. 麻醉方式

尽管全身麻醉神经联合阻滞并未降低老年膝关节置换患者ED发生率(P > 0.05),但却明显降低了谵妄评分(P < 0.05) [21]。吴婧等[22]研究证实全身麻醉复合硬膜外麻醉比单纯全身麻醉显著降低老年肿瘤手术患者ED发生率,机制可能涉及抑制神经传导,减少伤害刺激向中枢传递。

3. ED的风险预测

3.1. 基于脑电图的预测模型

脑电图通过分析特定频段的功率分布频谱斜率特征以及动态变化规律,为ED的早期预警构建了客观且可实时监测的神经电生理指标系统。

3.1.1. 脑电图纺锤波

研究证实术中脑电图纺锤波缺失与ED显著相关[23]:老年关节置换术中,纺锤波缺失组ED发生率较存在组高2.3倍(P < 0.05),多因素分析显示其是ED独立危险因素。大规模队列研究(n = 626)进一步证实[24]苏醒轨迹中纺锤波活动缺失与ED发生相关,提示纺锤波缺失可作为ED的重要预测指标。

3.1.2. α波功率频与频谱斜率

中山大学团队[25]对60例鼻喉手术患儿的术前脑电图分析显示:未发生ED的患儿额顶叶低频节律(如θ/α波)周期性活动更强(P < 0.01),而ED患儿呈现更陡峭的非周期性频谱斜率(1/f特征)。组合相对α波功率与频谱斜率特征,可将ED预测AUC提升至0.80,显示了二者作为无创预警生物标志物的潜力。

3.2. 基于临床危险因素的列线图模型

一项针对255例全麻甲状腺癌根治术患者的研究[26]显示,年龄、ASA分级、麻醉药量、拔管时间、PACU停留时间是ED独立危险因素(P < 0.05)。据此构建的Nomogram模型预测ED的AUC达0.878 (P < 0.001)。另一项针对317例全麻斜视矫正术儿童的研究[27]显示,年龄、ASA分级、疼痛程度为独立因素,Nomogram模型AUC为0.841,灵敏度80.80%,特异度71.64%,表明良好预测效能。

当前ED预测模型研究较少,存在样本局限性、变量覆盖不足、数据单一等问题。未来需探索基因组学、蛋白组学等生物标志物,纳入多中心、多类型手术及合并症患者数据,并融合EEG、生物标志物和影像学等多模态数据以提高预测精度。

4. 预防与治疗

4.1. 药物干预措施

4.1.1. 丙泊酚

丙泊酚起效快、短效、无蓄积。加拿大学会调查显示42%医师将其列为ED首选药物,87%认可单次给药有效性。一项研究显示丙泊酚TIVA较七氟烷显著降低儿童ED发生率(2~5岁组:5% vs 31%;6~11岁组:2% vs 18%) [28]。Aouad [29]等研究显示斜视手术中七氟烷麻醉后单剂丙泊酚(1 mg/kg)降低ED发生率且不延长住院时长;术中泵注或术毕给药有效,但诱导期给药无效,可能与药物半衰期短相关

4.1.2. 右美托咪定

右美托咪定为α2受体激动剂,具有镇静、抗焦虑及镇痛三重功效。Huang等[30]的研究纳入了90例进行七氟醚麻醉的患儿,七氟烷麻醉患儿中ED发生率呈梯度差异(右美20.1% < 丙泊酚58.6% < 生理盐水85.7%,P < 0.05)。Huan等[31]发现,麻醉前30分钟经鼻给药(2 μg/kg)预防严重ED效果优于1 μg/kg,且2 μg/kg给药起效时间更快,显著改善患儿与父母分离时的情绪及面罩接受度,可能与剂量较高达到的血药浓度更高、中枢作用更充分有关。总之,右美托咪定显著降低ED发生率的多项研究证据高度一致。

4.1.3. 氯胺酮

氯胺酮是一种起效快、代谢快的NMDA受体拮抗剂,提供镇痛与镇静。一项纳入60例小儿患者的临床研究[32]显示,七氟烷诱导后静脉给予氯胺酮0.25 mg/kg,使得ED发生率降至35%,较丙泊酚(50%)及生理盐水(55%)更具优势。另外,Bilgen等[33]的研究第一步证明,诱导前经鼻给予氯胺酮2 mg/kg,可更大幅度降低ED风险(3.8% vs. 对照组40.7%)。一项针对年轻和中年女性的随机对照试验显示,术中应用亚麻醉剂量的氯胺酮对POD的发生率没有显著不良影响[34]。这提示亚麻醉剂量用于辅助镇痛时,可能不增加甚至降低风险,其强效镇痛作用可减轻术后疼痛,而疼痛是ED的一个主要诱因。值得注意的是,一项前瞻性观察性研究发现,对于接受脊柱手术的老年患者术中应用氯胺酮对POD的影响因患者术前是否存在认知功能障碍而异[35]。该研究指出,术前合并认知功能障碍且术中应用氯胺酮的患者,POD发生率显著增加;而在术前认知功能正常的患者中,术后谵妄的发生率与应用氯胺酮无显著相关。氯胺酮对ED的影响不能一概而论,其效应受到剂量、患者术前认知功能基础、手术类型及合并用药等多种因素的综合影响。艾司氯胺酮作为氯胺酮强效异构体,清除更快、作用更短。然而,在学龄前儿童斜视手术中,诱导时使用艾司氯胺酮0.5 mg/kg联合丙泊酚,ED风险倍增(41.7% vs 21.0%) [36]。这可能因该剂量下对儿童仍过量,过度刺激边缘系统导致ED风险升高。 

4.1.4. 阿片类药物

疼痛是ED的重要诱因,阿片类药物可有效防治ED。术后疼痛控制不佳显著增加谵妄风险[37]。一项纳入了10项随机对照试验的系统评价和Meta分析[38]显示,术毕前10~20分钟给予芬太尼1 μg/kg降低ED发生率且不增加PACU停留时长及呕吐风险。该结论仅针对“术毕前10~20分钟给予1 μg/kg”这一特定方案,外推至其他方案需谨慎。Choi等[39]研究表明,眼科手术中瑞芬太尼维持(0.1 μg/kg/min)较单纯七氟烷显著降低ED (32% vs 64%),然而后者镇痛不足可能导致ED增加,结果可能部分反映了充分镇痛与镇痛不足的差异。一项荟萃分析[40]评估发现,预防性使用这类激动剂能显著降低ED发生率,其中芬太尼为最优预防用药。然而该研究只关注了ED发生率,而未综合比较各药物的不良反应(如呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒等),“最优”的判断可能不全面。综上,阿片类药物虽对ED防治有效,因呼吸抑制风险,推荐优先选用右美托咪定、丙泊酚方案,仅在明确疼痛因素主导时考虑阿片类药物 。

其他药物:一项针对3~8岁儿童的随机双盲对照试验[41]显示,术前口服褪黑素0.3 mg/kg显著降低ED发生率(27% vs. 安慰剂组50%)。基于712例患儿的Meta分析显示:术中静脉给予硫酸镁使ED发生率降低41.2% (29.7% vs 50.5%),同步显著降低术后躁动评分(P < 0.01)。其核心机制可能涉及NMDA受体通道阻滞,有效抑制谷氨酸能神经元过度兴奋。

4.2. 非药物干预措施

非药物干预因操作简便、无副作用,是儿童ED防治的重要选择,核心在于缓解术前焦虑研究显示术前采用动画、互动游戏或音乐干预,其抗焦虑效能与预防性咪达唑仑相当,从而预防ED [42] [43]。Zhong等[44]的研究结果显示,学龄前儿童术前参观手术室可以有效降低ED的发生率,同时减少异丙酚的使用。Yang等[45]研究表明,患儿全麻后进入PACU给予聆听母亲录音显著降低ED发生率(32.8% vs 55.6%)并缩短苏醒和停留时间。此外,中医的针刺、耳穴贴压疗法,也被证明对ED的预防及治疗有一定的作用。陈玫[46]等在患者全麻后进入PACU加用耳穴压籽治疗,与对照组相比,患者谵妄发生率下降。定向治疗、改善视觉装置、减少噪音、维持昼夜节律也被认为有助于减少谵妄的发生。

总结而言,ED是全身麻醉常见并发症,大多短暂良性但仍影响预后。防治核心在于早期筛查、预防及高危患者个体化方案。其发生与年龄、术前焦虑、疼痛、手术、麻醉方式等多因素相关。药物防治主要用丙泊酚、右美托咪定、阿片类;传统中医药亦具潜力。药物与非药物干预应协同应用。未来研究需整合基因组学、炎症标志物等多维度数据,结合EEG、影像学构建跨人群预测模型。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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