高性能暂堵剂在裂缝中的运移与稳定封堵机制

Transport and Stable Sealing Mechanisms of High-Performance Temporary Plugging Agents in Fractures

摘要: 随着非常规油气和裂缝性地层的高效开发，对压裂改造的均匀性与裂缝控流能力提出了更高要求。传统暂堵材料在高温高压和复杂裂缝条件下容易出现封堵不牢、返排困难等问题，难以满足现代压裂作业的技术需求。本文系统综述了高性能暂堵剂的研究进展，从材料类型、运移规律、封堵层稳定性及性能优化等方面进行了分析与归纳。研究表明，高性能暂堵剂的运移过程可分为进入、筛分、桥接、堆积和压实等阶段，受粒径级配、携液黏度、流速及裂缝几何结构等多因素耦合影响；封堵层通常呈现出由骨架层、填充层到界面压实层的分层结构，其承压性能与稳定性取决于颗粒间的力学传递与流体扰动作用。可降解高分子、弹性高分子及纤维复合体系在封堵强度、稳定性和可控降解性方面表现优异，智能响应型暂堵剂则展现出良好的环境适应能力。未来研究应加强多尺度机理模型与实验验证的结合，推动暂堵技术向智能化、可控化与可持续化方向发展，为复杂裂缝储层的高效压裂与油气增产提供理论支撑与技术保障。

Abstract: With the rapid development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs, higher requirements have been placed on the uniformity of hydraulic fracturing and the controllability of fracture flow. Traditional temporary plugging materials often suffer from poor sealing and difficult flowback under high temperature, high pressure, and complex fracture conditions, which limits their application. This paper provides a systematic review of recent advances in high-performance temporary plugging agents (TPAs), focusing on material classification, transport mechanisms, sealing stability, and performance optimization. The migration of TPAs in fractures can be divided into several stages—entry, sieving, bridging, accumulation, and compaction—governed by the coupling of particle size distribution, carrier fluid viscosity, flow rate, and fracture geometry. The formed plugging layer usually exhibits a multilayer structure composed of a skeleton layer, a filling layer, and an interfacial compaction layer, whose integrity depends on mechanical interaction and fluid disturbance. Degradable polymers, elastic composites, and fiber-reinforced systems show superior strength and stability, while intelligent responsive materials offer adaptive performance in complex downhole environments. Future research should focus on integrating multi-scale modeling with experimental validation to achieve intelligent, controllable, and sustainable plugging technologies for efficient hydraulic fracturing and reservoir stimulation.