胃癌的肿瘤微环境与免疫治疗研究进展
Research Progress on the Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy of Gastric Cancer
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.15113303, PDF,   
作者: 甘宝平：西安医学院研究生工作部，陕西 西安；刘 屹*：陕西省人民医院肿瘤内科，陕西 西安
关键词: 胃癌；肿瘤微环境；免疫治疗；Gastric Cancer； Tumor Microenvironment； Immunotherapy
摘要: 胃癌是全球最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，晚期患者预后极差。近年来，以免疫检查点抑制剂为代表的免疫治疗为晚期胃癌患者带来了新的希望，但其总体疗效有限、耐药性明显，且疗效差异显著。肿瘤微环境作为肿瘤细胞赖以生存的复杂生态系统，在塑造抗肿瘤免疫应答和影响免疫治疗疗效中扮演着核心角色。本文将系统综述当前胃癌肿瘤微环境的核心特征与调控机制，总结基于肿瘤微环境的免疫治疗最新研究进展，分析现有挑战，并展望未来的发展方向，旨在为胃癌免疫治疗的临床实践和转化研究提供参考。
Abstract: Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, and the prognosis for patients in the advanced stage is extremely poor. In recent years, immunotherapy represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors has brought new hope to patients with advanced gastric cancer. However, its overall therapeutic effect is limited, drug resistance is obvious, and the therapeutic effects vary significantly. The tumor microenvironment, as a complex ecosystem on which tumor cells depend for survival, plays a core role in shaping anti-tumor immune responses and influencing the efficacy of immunotherapy. This article will systematically review the core characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of the current gastric cancer tumor microenvironment, summarize the latest research progress of immunotherapy based on the tumor microenvironment, analyze existing challenges, and look forward to future development directions, aiming to provide references for the clinical practice and translational research of gastric cancer immunotherapy.
文章引用：甘宝平, 刘屹. 胃癌的肿瘤微环境与免疫治疗研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(11): 1933-1945. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.15113303

参考文献

[1] Yusefi, A.R., Bagheri Lankarani, K., Bastani, P., et al. (2018) Risk Factors for Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 19, 591-603.
[2] Bray, F., Laversanne, M., Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R.L., Soerjomataram, I., et al. (2024) Global Cancer Statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 74, 229-263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[3] Biondi, A., Persiani, R., Cananzi, F., et al. (2010) R0 Resection in the Treatment of Gastric Cancer: Room for Improvement. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 16, 3358-3370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[4] Park, J.S., Lim, J.Y., Park, S.K., Kim, M.K., Ko, H.S., Yoon, S.O., et al. (2011) Prognostic Factors of Second and Third Line Chemotherapy Using 5-FU with Platinum, Irinotecan, and Taxane for Advanced Gastric Cancer. Cancer Research and Treatment, 43, 236-243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[5] He, X., Guan, X. and Li, Y. (2025) Clinical Significance of the Tumor Microenvironment on Immune Tolerance in Gastric Cancer. Frontiers in Immunology, 16, Article ID: 1532605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[6] Shang, Z., Ma, Z., Wu, E., Chen, X., Tuo, B., Li, T., et al. (2024) Effect of Metabolic Reprogramming on the Immune Microenvironment in Gastric Cancer. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 170, Article ID: 116030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[7] Gajewski, T.F., Schreiber, H. and Fu, Y. (2013) Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. Nature Immunology, 14, 1014-1022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[8] Ishimoto, T., Sawayama, H., Sugihara, H. and Baba, H. (2014) Interaction between Gastric Cancer Stem Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment. Journal of Gastroenterology, 49, 1111-1120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[9] Tiwari, A., Trivedi, R. and Lin, S. (2022) Tumor Microenvironment: Barrier or Opportunity Towards Effective Cancer Therapy. Journal of Biomedical Science, 29, Article No. 83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[10] Yasuda, T. and Wang, Y.A. (2024) Gastric Cancer Immunosuppressive Microenvironment Heterogeneity: Implications for Therapy Development. Trends in Cancer, 10, 627-642. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[11] Zhang, Z., Zhang, W., Liu, X., Yan, Y. and Fu, W. (2024) T Lymphocyte-Related Immune Response and Immunotherapy in Gastric Cancer (Review). Oncology Letters, 28, Article No. 537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[12] Farhood, B., Najafi, M. and Mortezaee, K. (2018) CD8(+) Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Cancer Immunotherapy: A Review. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 234, 8509-8521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[13] Wei, X., Zhang, J., Gu, Q., Huang, M., Zhang, W., Guo, J., et al. (2017) Reciprocal Expression of IL-35 and IL-10 Defines Two Distinct Effector Treg Subsets that Are Required for Maintenance of Immune Tolerance. Cell Reports, 21, 1853-1869. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[14] Budhu, S., Schaer, D.A., Li, Y., Toledo-Crow, R., Panageas, K., Yang, X., et al. (2017) Blockade of Surface-Bound TGF-β on Regulatory T Cells Abrogates Suppression of Effector T Cell Function in the Tumor Microenvironment. Science Signaling, 10, Article No. 494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[15] Liu, C., Chikina, M., Deshpande, R., Menk, A.V., Wang, T., Tabib, T., et al. (2019) Treg Cells Promote the Srebp1-Dependent Metabolic Fitness of Tumor-Promoting Macrophages via Repression of CD8+ T Cell-Derived Interferon-γ. Immunity, 51, 381-397.e6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[16] Chen, D., Zhang, X., Li, Z. and Zhu, B. (2021) Metabolic Regulatory Crosstalk between Tumor Microenvironment and Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Theranostics, 11, 1016-1030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[17] Li, D., Xia, L., Huang, P., Wang, Z., Guo, Q., Huang, C., et al. (2023) Cancer-Associated Fibroblast-Secreted IGFBP7 Promotes Gastric Cancer by Enhancing Tumor Associated Macrophage Infiltration via FGF2/FGFR1/PI3K/AKT Axis. Cell Death Discovery, 9, Article No. 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[18] Park, R., Williamson, S., Kasi, A. and Saeed, A. (2018) Immune Therapeutics in the Treatment of Advanced Gastric and Esophageal Cancer. Anticancer Research, 38, 5569-5580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[19] Li, X., Sun, Z., Peng, G., Xiao, Y., Guo, J., Wu, B., et al. (2022) Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals a Pro-Invasive Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Subgroup Associated with Poor Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Gastric Cancer. Theranostics, 12, 620-638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[20] Jang, M., Koh, I., Lee, J.E., Lim, J.Y., Cheong, J. and Kim, P. (2018) Increased Extracellular Matrix Density Disrupts E-Cadherin/β-Catenin Complex in Gastric Cancer Cells. Biomaterials Science, 6, 2704-2713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[21] Giubelan, A., Stancu, M.I., Honţaru, S.O., Mălăescu, G.D., Badea-Voiculescu, O., Firoiu, C., et al. (2023) Tumor Angiogenesis in Gastric Cancer. Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology, 64, 311-318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[22] Wang, C., Yang, Z., Xu, E., Shen, X., Wang, X., Li, Z., et al. (2021) Apolipoprotein C‐II Induces EMT to Promote Gastric Cancer Peritoneal Metastasis via PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway. Clinical and Translational Medicine, 11, e522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[23] Vaupel, P., Schmidberger, H. and Mayer, A. (2019) The Warburg Effect: Essential Part of Metabolic Reprogramming and Central Contributor to Cancer Progression. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 95, 912-919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[24] Bader, J.E., Voss, K. and Rathmell, J.C. (2020) Targeting Metabolism to Improve the Tumor Microenvironment for Cancer Immunotherapy. Molecular Cell, 78, 1019-1033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[25] Matés, J.M., Campos-Sandoval, J.A., Santos-Jiménez, J.d.l. and Márquez, J. (2019) Dysregulation of Glutaminase and Glutamine Synthetase in Cancer. Cancer Letters, 467, 29-39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[26] Qian, S., Xie, F., Zhao, H., Liu, Q. and Cai, D. (2024) Prospects in the Application of Ultrasensitive Chromosomal Aneuploidy Detection in Precancerous Lesions of Gastric Cancer. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 16, 6-12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[27] Shinozaki-Ushiku, A., Kunita, A. and Fukayama, M. (2015) Update on Epstein-Barr Virus and Gastric Cancer (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 46, 1421-1434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[28] Strong, M.J., Xu, G., Coco, J., Baribault, C., Vinay, D.S., Lacey, M.R., et al. (2013) Differences in Gastric Carcinoma Microenvironment Stratify According to EBV Infection Intensity: Implications for Possible Immune Adjuvant Therapy. PLOS Pathogens, 9, e1003341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[29] Kim, S.Y., Park, C., Kim, H., Park, J., Hwang, J., Kim, J., et al. (2015) Deregulation of Immune Response Genes in Patients with Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Cancer and Outcomes. Gastroenterology, 148, 137-147.e9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[30] Chao, J., Fuchs, C.S., Shitara, K., Tabernero, J., Muro, K., Van Cutsem, E., et al. (2021) Assessment of Pembrolizumab Therapy for the Treatment of Microsatellite Instability-High Gastric or Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer among Patients in the KEYNOTE-059, KEYNOTE-061, and KEYNOTE-062 Clinical Trials. JAMA Oncology, 7, 895-902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[31] Suh, Y., Na, D., Lee, J., Chae, J., Kim, E., Jang, G., et al. (2020) Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Adenocarcinoma of the Gastroesophageal Junction between Esophageal and Gastric Adenocarcinomas. Annals of Surgery, 275, 706-717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[32] Ries, C.H., Cannarile, M.A., Hoves, S., Benz, J., Wartha, K., Runza, V., et al. (2014) Targeting Tumor-Associated Macrophages with Anti-CSF-1R Antibody Reveals a Strategy for Cancer Therapy. Cancer Cell, 25, 846-859. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[33] Peyraud, F., Cousin, S. and Italiano, A. (2017) CSF-1R Inhibitor Development: Current Clinical Status. Current Oncology Reports, 19, Article No. 70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[34] Huang, C., Zhao, L., Rao, X., Zheng, R., Liu, Z., Cai, H., et al. (2024) Chlorin E6 and BLZ945 Based Self‐Assembly for Photodynamic Immunotherapy through Immunogenic Tumor Induction and Tumor‐Associated Macrophage Depletion. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 13, e2304576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[35] Okugawa, Y., Toiyama, Y., Ichikawa, T., Kawamura, M., Yasuda, H., Fujikawa, H., et al. (2018) Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 and Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor Co-Expression Is Associated with Disease Progression in Gastric Cancer. International Journal of Oncology, 53, 737-749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[36] Gelderblom, H. and de Sande, M.v. (2020) Pexidartinib: First Approved Systemic Therapy for Patients with Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor. Future Oncology, 16, 2345-2356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[37] Li, Y., Zheng, Y., Huang, J., Nie, R., Wu, Q., Zuo, Z., et al. (2024) Caf-Macrophage Crosstalk in Tumour Microenvironments Governs the Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Gastric Cancer Peritoneal Metastases. Gut, 74, 350-363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[38] He, Z., Chen, D., Wu, J., Sui, C., Deng, X., Zhang, P., et al. (2021) Yes Associated Protein 1 Promotes Resistance to 5-Fluorouracil in Gastric Cancer by Regulating GLUT3-Dependent Glycometabolism Reprogramming of Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 702, Article ID: 108838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[39] Yao, X., He, Z., Qin, C., Deng, X., Bai, L., Li, G., et al. (2020) SLC2A3 Promotes Macrophage Infiltration by Glycolysis Reprogramming in Gastric Cancer. Cancer Cell International, 20, Article No. 503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[40] Zhou, X., Fang, D., Liu, H., Ou, X., Zhang, C., Zhao, Z., et al. (2022) PMN-MDSCs Accumulation Induced by CXCL1 Promotes CD8+ T Cells Exhaustion in Gastric Cancer. Cancer Letters, 532, Article ID: 215598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[41] Cao, J., Liao, S., Zeng, F., Liao, Q., Luo, G. and Zhou, Y. (2023) Effects of Altered Glycolysis Levels on CD8+ T Cell Activation and Function. Cell Death & Disease, 14, Article No. 407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[42] Wu, L., Jin, Y., Zhao, X., Tang, K., Zhao, Y., Tong, L., et al. (2023) Tumor Aerobic Glycolysis Confers Immune Evasion through Modulating Sensitivity to T Cell-Mediated Bystander Killing via TNF-α. Cell Metabolism, 35, 1580-1596.e9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[43] Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Shi, H., Wang, M., Yu, D., Fu, M., et al. (2024) M2 Tumor‐Associated Macrophages‐Derived Exosomal malat1 Promotes Glycolysis and Gastric Cancer Progression. Advanced Science, 11, e2309298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[44] Joshi, S.S. and Badgwell, B.D. (2021) Current Treatment and Recent Progress in Gastric Cancer. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71, 264-279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[45] Kang, Y., Boku, N., Satoh, T., Ryu, M., Chao, Y., Kato, K., et al. (2017) Nivolumab in Patients with Advanced Gastric or Gastro-Oesophageal Junction Cancer Refractory to, or Intolerant of, at Least Two Previous Chemotherapy Regimens (ONO-4538-12, ATTRACTION-2): A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 Trial. The Lancet, 390, 2461-2471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[46] Janjigian, Y.Y., Shitara, K., Moehler, M., Garrido, M., Salman, P., Shen, L., et al. (2021) First-Line Nivolumab plus Chemotherapy versus Chemotherapy Alone for Advanced Gastric, Gastro-Oesophageal Junction, and Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma (CheckMate 649): A Randomised, Open-Label, Phase 3 Trial. The Lancet, 398, 27-40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[47] Tang, Z., Wang, Y., Liu, D., Wang, X., Xu, C., Yu, Y., et al. (2022) The Neo-PLANET Phase II Trial of Neoadjuvant Camrelizumab plus Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Adenocarcinoma of Stomach or Gastroesophageal Junction. Nature Communications, 13, Article No. 6807. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[48] Kang, Y., Terashima, M., Kim, Y., Boku, N., Chung, H.C., Chen, J., et al. (2024) Adjuvant Nivolumab plus Chemotherapy versus Placebo plus Chemotherapy for Stage III Gastric or Gastro-Oesophageal Junction Cancer after Gastrectomy with D2 or More Extensive Lymph-Node Dissection (ATTRACTION-5): A Randomised, Multicentre, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 Trial. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 9, 705-717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[49] Kelly, R.J., Ajani, J.A., Kuzdzal, J., Zander, T., Van Cutsem, E., Piessen, G., et al. (2021) Adjuvant Nivolumab in Resected Esophageal or Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 384, 1191-1203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[50] Janjigian, Y.Y., Kawazoe, A., Bai, Y., Xu, J., Lonardi, S., Metges, J.P., et al. (2023) Pembrolizumab plus Trastuzumab and Chemotherapy for HER2-Positive Gastric or Gastro-Oesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma: Interim Analyses from the Phase 3 KEYNOTE-811 Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial. The Lancet, 402, 2197-2208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[51] Johnson, L.A. and June, C.H. (2016) Driving Gene-Engineered T Cell Immunotherapy of Cancer. Cell Research, 27, 38-58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[52] Bębnowska, D., Grywalska, E., Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej, P., Sosnowska-Pasiarska, B., Smok-Kalwat, J., Pasiarski, M., et al. (2020) CAR-T Cell Therapy—An Overview of Targets in Gastric Cancer. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9, Article No. 1894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[53] Zhou, Z., Tao, C., Li, J., Tang, J.C., Chan, A.S. and Zhou, Y. (2022) Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Applied to Solid Tumors. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, Article ID: 984864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[54] Song, Y., Tong, C., Wang, Y., Gao, Y., Dai, H., Guo, Y., et al. (2017) Effective and Persistent Antitumor Activity of Her2-Directed CAR-T Cells against Gastric Cancer Cells in Vitro and Xenotransplanted Tumors in Vivo. Protein & Cell, 9, 867-878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[55] Lordick, F., Rha, S.Y., Muro, K., Yong, W.P. and Lordick Obermannová, R. (2024) Systemic Therapy of Gastric Cancer—State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Cancers, 16, Article No. 3337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[56] Singh, P., Toom, S. and Huang, Y. (2017) Anti-Claudin 18.2 Antibody as New Targeted Therapy for Advanced Gastric Cancer. Journal of Hematology & Oncology, 10, Article No. 105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[57] Jiang, H., Shi, Z., Wang, P., Wang, C., Yang, L., Du, G., et al. (2018) Claudin18.2-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor Engineered T Cells for the Treatment of Gastric Cancer. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 111, 409-418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[58] Li, D., Guo, X., Yang, K., Yang, Y., Zhou, W., Huang, Y., et al. (2023) EpCAM-Targeting CAR-T Cell Immunotherapy Is Safe and Efficacious for Epithelial Tumors. Science Advances, 9, eadg9721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[59] Fang, W., Lu, Z., Ge, J., Zhang, S., Zheng, R., Yin, W., et al. (2025) Preclinical Development and a Phase 1 Trial of IMC001, an EpCAM-Targeted CAR-T Cell Therapy, in Patients with Advanced Gastric Cancer. Molecular Therapy, 33, 5516-5529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[60] Johnson, L.A., Morgan, R.A., Dudley, M.E., Cassard, L., Yang, J.C., Hughes, M.S., et al. (2009) Gene Therapy with Human and Mouse T-Cell Receptors Mediates Cancer Regression and Targets Normal Tissues Expressing Cognate Antigen. Blood, 114, 535-546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[61] Lee, D.W., Santomasso, B.D., Locke, F.L., Ghobadi, A., Turtle, C.J., Brudno, J.N., et al. (2019) ASTCT Consensus Grading for Cytokine Release Syndrome and Neurologic Toxicity Associated with Immune Effector Cells. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 25, 625-638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[62] Kloss, C.C., Lee, J., Zhang, A., Chen, F., Melenhorst, J.J., Lacey, S.F., et al. (2018) Dominant-Negative TGF-β Receptor Enhances PSMA-Targeted Human CAR T Cell Proliferation and Augments Prostate Cancer Eradication. Molecular Therapy, 26, 1855-1866. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[63] Wang, S., Sun, J., Chen, K., Ma, P., Lei, Q., Xing, S., et al. (2021) Perspectives of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte Treatment in Solid Tumors. BMC Medicine, 19, Article No. 140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[64] Betof Warner, A., Hamid, O., Komanduri, K., Amaria, R., Butler, M.O., Haanen, J., et al. (2024) Expert Consensus Guidelines on Management and Best Practices for Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte Cell Therapy. Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer, 12, e008735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[65] Tseng, D. and Lee, S. (2025) Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte Therapy: A New Frontier. Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, 31, S599-S609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[66] Zeng, Q., Zhang, S., Leng, N. and Xing, Y. (2025) Advancing Tumor Vaccines: Overcoming TME Challenges, Delivery Strategies, and Biomaterial-Based Vaccine for Enhanced Immunotherapy. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 205, Article ID: 104576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[67] Saxena, M., van der Burg, S.H., Melief, C.J.M. and Bhardwaj, N. (2021) Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines. Nature Reviews Cancer, 21, 360-378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[68] Wargowski, E., Johnson, L.E., Eickhoff, J.C., Delmastro, L., Staab, M.J., Liu, G., et al. (2018) Prime-Boost Vaccination Targeting Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) in Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (mCRPC) Using Sipuleucel-T and a DNA Vaccine. Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer, 6, Article No. 21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]

为你推荐