警告干预在错误信息效应中的作用机制与应用：认知–神经多模态综述

The Mechanism and Application of Warning Intervention in the Misinformation Effect: A Review of Cognitive-Neural Multimodalities

摘要: 错误信息效应对目击者记忆准确性的削弱作用已得到广泛证实，尤其在重复检索情境下，误导性后事件信息(post-event information, PEI)更易被个体接纳并整合至原始记忆表征中。警告作为该领域核心干预手段，在抑制错误记忆形成与纠正已整合错误信息方面发挥关键效能。基于认知心理学与认知神经科学的多模态研究证据表明，警告干预的作用主要通过双重机制实现：其一，增强对错误信息来源的特异性编码与冲突检测过程；其二，降低对误导性信息的深度语义加工水平。需注意的是，警告效果受多重变量调节，包括干预时机(即时干预或延迟干预)、警告类型(具体指向性警告或一般性提示)、错误信息在事件记忆中的中心性特征，以及个体差异(如认知能力、年龄结构、情绪状态与记忆信心水平)。

Abstract: The weakening effect of misinformation on the accuracy of eyewitness memory has been widely confirmed. Especially in the context of repeated retrieval, misleading post-event information (PEI) is more likely to be accepted by individuals and integrated into the original memory representation. Warning, as a core intervention measure in this field, plays a key role in inhibiting the formation of false memories and correcting integrated false information. Multimodal research evidence based on cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience indicates that the effect of warning intervention is mainly achieved through a dual mechanism: First, it enhances the specific encoding and conflict detection process of the source of misinformation. Second, it reduces the level of in-depth semantic processing of misleading information. It should be noted that the warning effect is modulated by multiple variables, including the timing of intervention (immediate intervention or delayed intervention), the type of warning (specific directional warning or general prompt), the central characteristics of misinformation in event memory, and individual differences (such as cognitive ability, age structure, emotional state and memory confidence level).