喉塞尾存废与移民接触——江津綦江方言古入声演变研究

The Preservation and Loss of Glottal Stops and Contact with Immigrants—A Study of the Evolution of the Ancient Entering Tone in Jiangjin and Qijiang Dialects

摘要: 本文考察重庆江津、綦江方言中古入声字的声调分化与韵母演变规律。这些方言主要分布在重庆东南部，得出四点结论：第一，两地入声调类分化呈现“清入三分、浊入归去”模式，与成渝片“入归阳平”形成对比。第二，喉塞尾ʔ的存废差异揭示入声舒化的历时层次，江津话入声字保留喉塞尾，綦江话喉塞尾脱落且韵母复化。第三，通过历时比较发现入声调值呈现由33向22下滑趋势，印证周及徐(2012)关于南路话受成渝片同化的论断。第四，移民方言接触导致音变分化，江津话受湖广话舌尖元音渗透形成tsɿʔ类音节，綦江话则因黔北官话影响加速舒化，韵母复化进程显著。

Abstract: This paper investigates the tonal split and vowel evolution patterns of Middle Chinese entering tone characters in the Jiangjin and Qijiang dialects of Chongqing. These dialects are primarily distributed in the southeastern part of Chongqing. Four key findings are presented: First, the tonal differentiation of entering tones in both regions follows a pattern of “three-way split for voiceless initials and merger with the departing tone for voiced initials”, contrasting with the Chengdu-Chongqing dialect group’s pattern of “entering tones merging with the rising tone”. Second, the preservation or loss of the glottal stop ʔ reveals diachronic layers of the entering tone’s vocalization. The Jiangjin dialect retains the glottal stop in entering tone syllables, while the Qijiang dialect exhibits glottal stop loss and vowel diphthongization. Third, diachronic comparisons indicate a downward trend in the tonal value of the entering tone from 33 to 22, corroborating Jixu Zhou’s (2012) assertion regarding the assimilation of the Southern Route dialect by the Chengdu-Chongqing dialect group. Fourth, dialect contact driven by migration has led to phonological divergence: the Jiangjin dialect shows apical vowel influence from Huguang Mandarin, resulting in syllables like tsɿʔ, whereas the Qijiang dialect exhibits accelerated vocalization and significant vowel diphthongization due to Northern Guizhou Mandarin influence.