头前伸姿势的多系统交互影响与综合康复策略
Multisystem Interactions of Forward Head Posture and Integrated Rehabilitation Strategies
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.15113316, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 魏玉娇:南京市浦口区中医院康复科,江苏 南京
关键词: 头前伸颈痛康复治疗本体感觉Forward Head Posture Neck Pain Rehabilitation Proprioception
摘要: 改成头前伸姿势(Forward Head Posture, FHP)是一种常见的姿势异常,表现为下颈椎屈曲和上颈椎过伸,伴颈椎前凸增大及颈肩部肌肉负荷增加。本文综述FHP的定义、成因、多系统影响及康复进展。其发生与长期不良姿势、性别差异、错误运动模式和异常呼吸等因素相关,不仅引起肌力失衡和关节应力变化,还可导致颈部本体感觉障碍、脊柱稳定性下降、呼吸受限和头痛等问题。康复干预包括综合训练、稳定性训练、手法治疗、呼吸训练和PNF等方法,均显示出良好矫正效果。治疗FHP需综合考虑多系统影响,采取个体化、多模式策略,以改善姿势控制、缓解症状并提升功能。
Abstract: Forward head posture (FHP) is a common postural abnormality characterized by flexion of the lower cervical spine and hyperextension of the upper cervical spine, accompanied by an increase in cervical lordosis and elevated muscle load in the neck and shoulder regions. This article reviews the definition, causes, multisystem impacts, and rehabilitation advances related to FHP. Its development is associated with factors such as prolonged poor posture, gender differences, faulty movement patterns, and abnormal breathing. FHP not only leads to muscular imbalances and altered joint stress but may also cause impaired neck proprioception, reduced spinal stability, restricted respiratory function, and tension-type headaches. Rehabilitation interventions, including comprehensive training, stability exercises, manual therapy, breathing retraining, and PNF, have demonstrated positive corrective effects. Treatment for FHP should take into account its multisystem effects and involve individualized, multimodal strategies to improve postural control, alleviate symptoms, and enhance functional status.
文章引用:魏玉娇. 头前伸姿势的多系统交互影响与综合康复策略[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(11): 2030-2038. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.15113316

1. 引言

头前伸姿势(Forward Head Posture, FHP)是指下颈椎(C4~7)的屈曲伴随着上颈椎(C1~3)的伸展,颈椎曲线整体性增加,即颈椎前凸过强[1]。FHP体位时,颈肩周围肌肉承受的负荷是正常体位的3.6倍,随着FHP的增加,颈椎小关节负荷和机械应力增加,改变了颈部肌肉的活动和肌肉长度,导致胸锁乳突肌、前斜角肌、上斜方肌缩短,肩胛提肌和头半棘肌延长,引起颈椎屈肌和伸肌异常激活,使颈椎关节内的压力增加[2]。另外一些研究也报道了FHP患者颈部前屈肌肉张力增加,然而颈深屈肌如颈长肌和头长肌等深层肌肉的厚度却较小,表现出颈部屈肌无力或者活动减少,从而改变了整个颈椎的排列[3]

2. 头前伸原因

2.1. 不良姿势

良好的姿势被认为是一种肌肉和骨骼之间相互保持着平衡的状态,在这种平衡的结构中,局部和全身肌肉会相应地激活,以保护身体和脊柱在坐姿、站立和移动等活动中免受伤害。当头部相对于躯干向前伸时被认为是不正确的姿势,这种姿势是颈部疾病患者常见的头颈部姿势不良类型之一[4]。通常,头颈部的不良姿势与职业种类、久坐或不良生活习惯息息相关。例如,身体长时间在使用电脑、手机、背包等姿势状态下[5],最常见的是颈部向前或向下姿势,长时间累积可导致颈部前倾。根据文献研究报道,坐着发短信的时候,参与者的头部屈曲角度平均比站着时多10%~14%,在浏览网页和观看视频时,坐姿导致的头部屈曲角度分别比站立多4%~6%和23%~24% [6]。这种长期的头颈不良姿势,由于对颈部结构的压力增加或肌肉、肌腱和关节的长期静态负荷增加会引起肌筋膜疼痛和运动行为模式的改变,给我们的生活带来诸多不利的影响[4]

2.2. 性别

研究发现,相比较于男性,女性颈部疼痛的风险是明显高于男性,而且也更加容易出现头颈部的不良姿势[7]。Briggs Andrew [8]等人研究发现,当在使用电脑时,女性采用的颈部姿势比男性处于更大的头颈屈曲位置,这一观察结果可能部分归因于女性第二性征先于男性,因而出现心理上的害羞,一时不能适应这种生理变化,从而表现出含胸、驼背等异常姿势来掩盖这种生理上的变化,导致形成头颈部不良姿态。此外,与男性相比,通常女性的身材也更加矮小,肩部肌肉力量更加薄弱,这也被认为是部分解释性别差异的原因[9]。根据国外学者研究发现,在长期从事视频电脑工作的人群中,在使用电脑鼠标方面,与男性相比,女性对鼠标施加的压力更大,使用的活动范围也更大,女性工作时肌肉骨骼负荷更高[10]

2.3. 错误运动方式

错误的运动方式会加重肌肉的失衡,如长期健身的人,过分追求胸肌的锻炼,导致胸部的肌肉过紧,而菱形肌和斜方肌中下束等肌肉过弱,长期发展导致FHP的出现[11]

2.4. 呼吸模式

有学者发现[12],FHP与不正确的呼吸模式有关。异常的呼吸模式会出现颈部肌肉的代偿,会使原本容易紧张的上斜方肌、肩胛提肌、胸大肌、胸小肌等肌肉更加紧张,深层的颈屈肌、下斜方肌等更加薄弱,加剧了头颈部的肌肉不平衡,进而出现FHP等一系列问题。

3. 对机体的影响

3.1. 头前伸对颈部本体感觉的影响

本体感觉是指由肌肉、韧带、关节、肌腱以及相关的机械感受器发送给神经系统的传入信息,在脊柱、脑干、小脑和皮层中进行处理,以产生有效和精确的运动模式。颈椎活动频繁,依赖高度发达的本体感觉系统,该系统富含感受器,并与前庭和视觉系统协同工作,对感知头部空间位置和运动控制至关重要[13]。颈部深层肌肉中肌梭密度极高,尤其在上颈椎区域,这些结构共同保障了对颈椎位置变化的快速调节能力[14]。研究表明,当颈椎前屈45˚时,椎间压力较中立位增加1.6倍,前后向剪切力增大至4倍[15]。FHP姿势会导致颈后部组织被拉长,肌梭兴奋性降低,进而引起本体感觉障碍[16]

多项实验证实,FHP人群在关节位置觉测试中表现出更大的误差,感知准确性下降。Yong MS [17]等人报告了24名受试者的FHP姿势和本体感觉之间存在相关性,长时间或过度的不平衡可能导致肌肉无力以及肌梭敏感性降低,导致本体感觉降低。M. Y. Lee [18]等研究发现,颅椎角与位置觉误差值呈负相关,FHP引起的肌肉长度变化降低了关节的位置觉,而且当FHP变得更严重时,本体感觉也会受到影响变得更加糟糕。这些结果说明,FHP通过改变肌肉长度损害了肌梭功能,导致位置觉减退,并影响深层颈部肌肉的运动控制。

3.2. 头前伸对脊柱稳定性的影响

脊柱稳定性由内源性稳定和外源性稳定共同构成,内源性稳定由脊柱韧带和椎间盘提供,外源性稳定则主要由肌肉提供。1992年Panjabi [19]提出了脊柱稳定性的“三亚系模型”,包括被动亚系(韧带和骨骼)、主动亚系(肌肉)和神经控制亚系(反馈和控制)。这三者在维持脊柱稳定方面是共同作用、相互补充的关系,当其中一个亚系出现薄弱或损伤时,另外两个亚系首先会作出代偿、长此以往则会受到牵连,最终破坏整个脊柱节段乃至邻近节段的稳定性,并出现各种临床症状。

FHP不仅影响颈椎,也会改变整个脊柱的运动学状态,包括胸腰腹区域[20]。该姿势常伴随胸椎后凸增大和肩胛位置异常,主要与菱形肌、中下斜方肌无力及胸小肌紧张相关。研究显示,颈痛患者在操作手机时胸椎弯曲程度更大,这可能是为避免进一步屈颈而形成的代偿机制[21]。除此之外,身体部位的移位也会导致重心的转移,脊柱矢状位排列的改变与FHP和盆眼反射之间存在着强烈的关系,这种反射可以导致腰腹部重心的前移,以此来平衡头部的重心改变[22]。这些变化可能增加脊柱软组织压力,影响核心稳定性与骨盆平衡[23]。因此,在FHP矫正中兼顾核心稳定性恢复,对脊柱疾病治疗具有重要意义。

3.3. 头前伸对呼吸功能的影响

呼吸是一种十分复杂的功能,它涉及肌肉、骨骼和神经系统的紧密联系和配合,通常,在一般情况下它很少是完全规则的,除非在深度非快速眼动睡眠和麻醉的状况下[24]。呼吸过程中,颈椎和胸椎需要保持适当稳定,以支持肋骨的上下移动及相关肌肉活动;而稳定性下降可能引起胸腔机械结构改变,从而导致呼吸功能不全[25]。由于肌肉收缩依赖于其力量-长度关系,颈部生物力学异常及疼痛可不同程度地削弱吸气和呼气强度,进一步引起肌肉功能长度和募集模式紊乱。这可能造成某些肌肉被过度牵拉而其他肌肉则收缩不足,改变肌肉长度-张力关系与呼吸模式,尤其在伴发颈椎活动度下降时更为明显[25]

呼吸功能与呼吸系统的正常解剖结构密切相关[26]。FHP姿势可导致上胸椎屈曲角度显著增加,进而增大胸廓前后径。FHP的姿势会影响膈肌的活动,使颈前部的胸锁乳突肌、斜角肌等颈部浅层肌肉过多的代偿膈肌应该发挥的功能,从而影响膈肌的功能[27]。实际上,这些辅助呼吸肌原本仅在特殊状态下投入工作,例如体力活动、紧张情绪或呼吸系统疾病所致的高通气需求。此类肌肉功能紊乱不仅会减弱膈肌的收缩能力,还可能进一步影响腹部肌群的功能,改变呼吸动力学,最终导致呼吸肌力量下降[28]

3.4. 头前伸与头痛

在具有代表性的头痛类型中,紧张性头痛是最常见的类型,据报道患病率在36%至78%之间[29]。紧张性头痛是由上颈区局部缺血引起的,因为颈部后肌群的肌张力比较高,C1至C3颈部神经根被影响,这种紧张性压力通过对三叉神经尾状核的持续刺激,增加了伤害性刺激信息的输入,刺激到关节囊、韧带和脊柱等组织,降低了痛阈引起患者头部的不适感[30]。研究表明肌肉活动的病理生理变化对紧张性头痛的发展是有影响的,而且70%经历紧张性头痛的患者都观察到颈部肌肉的异常痉挛[31]。一些学者发现,大多数紧张性头痛患者都表现为FHP的异常姿势[32]。一项荟萃分析发现,有中度到强有力的证据表明紧张性头痛患者比无症状人群存在着更大的头前伸角度[33]。一项研究报道,所有紧张性头痛患者的压痛点都位于枕下肌群,而枕下肌肉中相对高密度的肌梭对头部位置和运动速度提供神经生物反馈起着重要的作用[34],由于头部的位置向前移动,可以导致枕下肌肉的持续收缩,随着时间的逐渐推移,从而出现紧张性头痛等相关症状。

4. 头前伸的康复治疗策略

基于FHP的核心病理生理机制,本节将康复治疗策略重组为三大类:纠正肌肉失衡的策略、重建神经肌肉控制的策略以及改善代偿性功能障碍的策略,以加强“问题–解决方案”的逻辑对应关系。

4.1. 纠正肌肉失衡的策略

纠正肌肉失衡的策略主要针对FHP相关的肌肉长度–张力关系异常和肌力不平衡。

4.1.1. 综合矫正运动训练

综合矫正运动训练是治疗FHP的有效方法,结合拉伸、力量增强和运动控制练习,注重整体肌肉激活、运动模式与姿势调整,而非仅针对疼痛部位,从而全面改善异常姿势[35]。该训练强调认知参与在神经肌肉康复中的作用,通过集中注意力主动抑制过度活跃肌肉、激活不足肌肉,以恢复正常解剖位置和运动控制。Seidi [36]等对24名头前伸男性受试者进行8周综合训练(每周3次,每次约1小时),内容包括在不同姿势下进行等长收缩及上肢动作整合,以规范肩胛位置和头部姿势。结果显示,该训练可有效改善肌肉失衡、运动模式和姿势排列。

4.1.2. 肩胛骨稳定性与肌力平衡训练

FHP姿势会增加颈椎后部结构负荷,改变肩胛骨运动模式[37]。Wegner [38]等指出,FHP患者在肩屈曲时表现出更多前倾、前锯肌活动减少及肩胛骨内旋增加。肩胛骨稳定性与肌力平衡训练通过抑制过度活跃肌群(如上斜方肌),激活薄弱肌群(如中下斜方肌、前锯肌),以改善姿势和运动功能。Fathollahnejad [39]等人对60名女性进行6周肩周肌群训练,结果显示其姿势、颈部功能及疼痛均明显改善。

4.1.3. 肌肉能量技术

肌肉能量技术通过患者主动抗阻收缩后加以拉伸,可降低肌肉紧张度、增强肌力、提高关节活动度,是纠正肌力失衡的重要手段[40]。施加加[41]等人研究表明,在常规康复基础上加入该技术,可显著改善头颈不良姿势和功能障碍,增强颈部肌力。

4.1.4. 普拉提训练

普拉提训练注重核心肌力、姿势控制及呼吸配合,可提高整体灵活性和身体意识,改善姿势,并针对性地调整姿势失调[42]。Lee [43]等人将28名FHP久坐女性分为普拉提组和联合运动组,进行10周干预后发现,两组均能缓解疼痛,但仅普拉提组颅椎角度和颈椎活动度显著改善,表明其更适合FHP姿势的矫正。

4.2. 重建神经肌肉控制的策略

重建神经肌肉控制的策略主要针对FHP导致的本体感觉缺损和神经肌肉控制能力下降。

4.2.1. 颈部稳定性训练

颈深屈肌对维持颈椎稳定至关重要。颈部稳定性训练是一种通过减少胸锁乳突肌和前斜角肌等颈部浅表肌肉的张力,来激活颈深屈肌,以提高颈椎的稳定性[44]。Lynch [45]等人研究发现,通过一般等长运动颈椎深层肌肉屈曲练习,增加了FHP患者的颈部肌肉力量和脊柱稳定性,减少了颈部浅表肌肉的张力。Sikka [46]等对30名头前伸伴颈痛青少年进行4周仰卧位颈深屈肌训练,结果显示其疼痛和功能状态均显著改善。

4.2.2. 核心稳定性训练

核心肌群通过协调收缩维持脊柱稳定与力量传导。研究表明,核心稳定性与FHP及颈部功能密切相关。Kang KW [47]使用超声设备测量腹横肌、腹内外斜肌肌肉厚度,分析颅椎角度与肌肉厚度的相关性,发现FHP导致的颅椎角度减少与腹横肌厚度减少显著相关。叶超群[48]等人对战斗机飞行员的研究显示,颈痛者常伴有髋部肌力下降。Shiravi [49]通过试验性研究发现对于FHP的女性而言,肩胛骨稳定运动加腹部控制反馈比单独肩胛骨稳定运动更能改善FHP体态,减轻颈部疼痛并恢复肌力。

4.2.3. 压力生物反馈

压力生物反馈通过监测充气压力腔内的压力变化,增强患者的感觉反馈和运动控制能力,常用于关节稳定性和保护性训练[50]。Alghadi [51]等人研究在常规训练基础上,为实验组增加了压力生物反馈下的颈部深屈肌训练:将气囊置于枕骨下,要求受试者完成点头动作并维持特定压力(22~30 mmHg),每次保持10秒,每组10次,共3组,每周训练4天,持续4周。结果显示,两组受试者的FHP姿势和颈部疼痛均有改善,但附加压力生物反馈的实验组改善效果显著更优。

4.2.4. PNF技术

本体感觉神经肌肉易化(Proprioceptive Neuomseular Faeilitation, PNF)简称PNF技术,主要是通过牵张、关节的压缩以及应用螺旋对角线等运动模式,以达到改善运动功能的一种运动治疗手段。张秦[52]等人选取20名北京体育大学高水平乒乓球运动员,他们都存在肩颈部肌肉失衡,FHP等姿势异常的情况。研究本体感觉神经肌肉易化技术中的上肢D2屈曲模式和保持–放松技术对头前伸等不良姿势的干预效果。通过5周的运动干预治疗,发现本体感觉神经肌肉易化技术可以改善运动员头前伸、圆肩等不良姿势。

4.3. 改善代偿性功能障碍的策略

改善代偿性功能障碍的策略主要针对由FHP引发的呼吸模式异常、头痛等症状性代偿问题。

4.3.1. McKenzie疗法

McKenzie疗法对于异常姿势的改善作用已经被很多研究者证实了。国外学者Lee DY [53]等人选取了28名存在FHP的受试者,随机分为McKenzie运动组、自我牵伸运动组和Kendall运动组。每次练习25分钟,每周三次,持续8周。研究结果提示McKenzie练习对FHP有积极作用。在另一项对存在FHP姿势的在校大学生研究中,Kim报告称,通过对这些受试者进行每周三次,为期四周的McKenzie运动后,结果发现,McKenzie运动显著改善了FHP患者的颈部姿势以及颈部疼痛、关节活动度受限等症状[54]

4.3.2. 肌内效贴

国外学者Shih HS [55]等人将60例FHP患者随机分为三组,运动组、肌贴组和对照组,一共干预5周,随访2周,结果发现在治疗后和随访中,与对照组相比,运动组和肌贴组均可改善FHP的情况,纠正异常颈部姿势。Yoo [37]等人将肌内效贴布贴于存在FHP体态的电脑作业工作人员的颈部伸肌上,然后让他们完成30分钟的计算机工作,获得患者FHP的运动学数据。研究结果表明,使用贴布进行计算机工作时FHP角度显著降低,而且与不使用贴布相比,使用贴布进行计算机工作期间,上斜方肌肌肉活动也显著降低。

4.3.3. 呼吸训练

脊柱的稳定性与呼吸功能密切相关[25],FHP姿势与异常呼吸模式可相互影响,姿势异常会弱化呼吸功能,而呼吸模式异常也可导致头前伸。长期FHP姿势下,胸锁乳突肌和斜角肌过度激活,促进副呼吸肌代偿,进一步形成不良呼吸习惯。Koseki [56]研究显示,FHP时多项呼吸指标(如用力肺活量、吸气储备量及峰值流速)均显著低于中立位。此外,该姿势下上胸部前移增加、下胸部活动度降低,进一步限制呼吸。Kang [57]通过对24名FHP受试者进行为期两周的反馈呼吸训练(每周4次,每次30分钟),发现该训练通过视觉反馈抑制呼吸代偿、减少副呼吸肌使用,从而显著改善胸锁乳突肌与斜角肌活动、颅椎角及颈部功能障碍指数。

4.3.4. 手法治疗

Fathollahnejad Kiana [39]对60名FHP伴颈痛女性受试者进行6周手法治疗发现,在颈部稳定性训练基础上结合手法纠正小关节紊乱,在干预后及一个月随访时,其在减轻疼痛、改善功能与姿势方面效果更显著。

5. 小结与展望

本文系统回顾了FHP的定义、成因、多系统影响及康复策略。研究表明,FHP是一种涉及肌肉骨骼、神经感觉及呼吸系统的复杂功能障碍,常引发生物力学异常、本体感觉缺损、呼吸受限及疼痛等一系列连锁反应。在治疗方面,融合姿势再教育、肌肉能量技术、核心稳定性训练、呼吸调整及神经肌肉促进技术的多模式个体化方案,被证实优于单一手段。基于当前研究现状,未来的研究应在多个方向上深化探索:首先,需要通过高质量、大样本的随机对照试验,比较不同运动疗法组合的长期矫正效果与成本效益,以优化临床决策;其次,应着力探索基于生物力学模型、影像学参数及个体功能评估的精准康复方案,推动FHP矫正的个体化与精准化;此外,FHP与代偿性功能障碍(如呼吸受限、头痛)之间的因果路径和干预时序尚需进一步阐明,亟待通过机制研究验证针对性策略的有效性;最后,随着科技发展,可穿戴传感器、虚拟现实、人工智能等新技术在FHP的实时监测、沉浸式训练、模式分析与预后预测方面展现出广阔前景,未来应积极评估其在FHP综合管理中的可行性与应用价值,以推动康复干预模式的创新与发展。

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