协同治理视角下电商平台在职业伤害保障中的角色与责任研究——以美团平台新职伤试点为例

Research on the Role and Responsibility of E-Commerce Platforms in Occupational Injury Protection from the Perspective of Collaborative Governance —Taking Meituan’s Pilot Program for New Occupational Injuries as a Case Study

摘要: 在新就业形态劳动者规模持续扩大的背景下，其职业伤害保障问题因“去雇主化”用工特征而面临传统劳动关系认定框架的失灵。本文以Ansell和Gash的协同治理理论为基础，构建“初始条件–协同过程–治理效果”的分析框架，通过对美团平台职业伤害保障试点的案例研究，系统剖析了电商平台在多元治理格局中的角色与责任。研究发现，平台在协同治理中扮演着超越“雇主”或“第三方”的“治理伙伴”角色，具体通过“按单缴费”承担资金出资者责任，利用算法与安全管理履行风险防控者职能，并作为信息中枢发挥服务枢纽作用。研究同时揭示了当前协同模式面临的权责悖论、算法黑箱、与可持续性焦虑等深层困境。据此，本文提出应从强化政府立法主导、推动平台算法透明化、完善社会监督与构建劳动者制度化参与渠道等方面，系统优化“政府主导、平台履责、社会监督、劳动者参与”的四位一体协同治理机制。

Abstract: Against the background of the continuous expansion of workers engaged in new forms of employment, their occupational injury protection faces the failure of traditional labor relationship recognition frameworks due to the “de-employerized” nature of employment. Based on Ansell and Gash’s theory of collaborative governance, this paper constructs an analytical framework of “initial conditions-collaborative process-governance outcomes” and systematically examines the role and responsibility of e-commerce platforms in a multi-governance context through a case study of Meituan’s pilot program for occupational injury protection. The study finds that platforms act as “governance partners” that transcend the roles of “employer” or “third party” in collaborative governance, specifically assuming financial contributor responsibilities through “pay-per-order” mechanisms, performing risk prevention functions through algorithms and safety management, and serving as information hubs to play a pivotal service role. The study also highlights the deep-seated challenges faced by the current collaborative model, including the paradox of rights and responsibilities, algorithmic opacity, and sustainability concerns. Accordingly, this paper suggests systematically optimizing the four-in-one collaborative governance mechanism of “government leadership, platform accountability, social supervision, and worker participation” by strengthening government legislation, promoting platform algorithm transparency, improving social oversight, and establishing institutionalized channels for worker participation.