电子商务语境下的低空空域法律问题研究

Research on Legal Issues of Low-Altitude Airspace in the Context of E-Commerce

摘要: 当前，低空经济的快速发展推动了无人机与电子商务的深度融合，但也带来了诸多法律挑战。《民法典》虽确认土地所有权的垂直效力，却未明确低空范围边界，致使无人机飞行与土地权、隐私权、生活安宁权频繁冲突。同时，现行《民用航空法》与《民法典》侵权责任编对无人机配送中的噪音、隐私与安全风险缺乏具体规范，责任认定与监管机制均存在不足。域外经验显示，美国以FAA Part 135许可制度管理无人机物流，欧盟通过U-Space体系实现数字化监管，日本则以“合理限度”原则协调土地权与飞行权。可见，低空空域治理的核心在于明确权利边界、完善救济机制并推动数字化监管协同。本文据此提出我国低空空域使用权制度的思路，探索其在电商无人机物流领域的实现路径，以期在保障公民权利的同时促进电商低空物流的规范化与可持续发展。

Abstract: The rapid development of the low-altitude economy has driven the deep integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with e-commerce, while also posing a series of legal challenges. Although the Civil Code affirms the vertical effect of land ownership, it fails to clearly define the boundaries of low-altitude airspace, leading to frequent conflicts between drone flights and rights related to land ownership, privacy, and peaceful life. Meanwhile, both the Civil Aviation Law and the tort liability provisions of the Civil Code lack specific regulations concerning issues such as noise pollution, privacy intrusion, and safety risks arising from drone delivery. Consequently, responsibility allocation and regulatory mechanisms remain insufficient. Foreign practices show that the United States manages drone logistics through the FAA Part 135 licensing system, the European Union achieves digitalized regulation via the U-Space framework, and Japan adopts the “reasonable limit” principle to coordinate land rights and flight rights. These systems collectively highlight the core of low-altitude airspace governance—clarifying rights boundaries, improving tort relief mechanisms, and promoting coordinated digital regulation. Based on this, the paper proposes a conceptual framework for establishing China’s low-altitude airspace usage rights system and explores its implementation path in e-commerce drone logistics, aiming to ensure the protection of citizens’ fundamental rights while promoting the standardized and sustainable development of low-altitude logistics in e-commerce.