认知负荷与情感卷入对中国英语学习者推理中听觉外语效应的影响
Effects of Cognitive Load and Emotional Involvement on Auditory Foreign Language Effect in Chinese EFL Learners’ Reasoning
DOI: 10.12677/ml.2025.13111227, PDF,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 王佳怡：南京航空航天大学外国语学院，江苏 南京
关键词: 外语效应；三段论；推理；听觉加工；Foreign Language Effect； Syllogism； Reasoning； Auditory Processing
摘要: 既往关于“外语效应”(Foreign Language Effect, FLE)的研究表明，个体在使用外语进行信息加工时往往更加理性；然而，该效应目前主要见于基于文本的风险决策与道德困境任务中。听觉环境(如政治辩论、广告营销等)中个体进行逻辑推理时能否也表现出外语效应，尚不明确。本研究以双加工理论为指导，招募78名中国英语学习者，系统考察其在听母语(汉语)与外语(英语)三段论推理任务中的表现差异，并进一步探究情感卷入与认知负荷的调节作用。结果表明，只有高水平的中国英语学习者表现出显著的“听觉外语效应”，且该效应在情感卷入较高或认知负荷较低时减弱。
Abstract: Previous research on the “Foreign Language Effect (FLE)” suggests that individuals process information more rationally when using a foreign language; however, this effect has so far been observed mostly in text-based risk decision-making and moral dilemma tasks. It remains unclear whether the FLE is triggered by logical reasoning in auditory settings (e.g., political debates, advertising, and marketing). Guided by dual-process theory, this study recruited 78 Chinese EFL learners to systematically examine the differences in their performance on auditory syllogistic reasoning tasks in L1 (Chinese) and L2 (English). Furthermore, the moderating roles of emotional involvement and cognitive load were investigated. The results indicate that highly proficient Chinese EFL learners exhibit a significant “auditory foreign language effect”, and this effect is mitigated by higher emotional involvement or lower cognitive load.
文章引用：王佳怡. 认知负荷与情感卷入对中国英语学习者推理中听觉外语效应的影响[J]. 现代语言学, 2025, 13(11): 786-800. https://doi.org/10.12677/ml.2025.13111227

参考文献

[1] Keysar, B., Hayakawa, S.L. and An, S.G. (2012) The Foreign-Language Effect: Thinking in a Foreign Tongue Reduces Decision Biases. Psychological Science, 23, 661-668. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[2] Costa, A., Foucart, A., Arnon, I., Aparici, M. and Apesteguia, J. (2014) “Piensa” Twice: On the Foreign Language Effect in Decision Making. Cognition, 130, 236-254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[3] Cipolletti, H., McFarlane, S. and Weissglass, C. (2015) The Moral Foreign-Language Effect. Philosophical Psychology, 29, 23-40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[4] Ivaz, L., Griffin, K.L. and Duñabeitia, J.A. (2018) Self-Bias and the Emotionality of Foreign Languages. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72, 76-89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[5] Brouwer, S. (2019) The Auditory Foreign-Language Effect of Moral Decision Making in Highly Proficient Bilinguals. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 40, 865-878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[6] Muda, R., Pieńkosz, D., Francis, K.B. and Białek, M. (2020) The Moral Foreign Language Effect Is Stable across Presentation Modalities. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 73, 1930-1938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[7] Evans, J.S.B.T. and Wason, P.C. (1976) Rationalization in a Reasoning Task. British Journal of Psychology, 67, 479-486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[8] Mehrabian, A. (1995) Framework for a Comprehensive Description and Measurement of Emotional States. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 121, 339-361.
[9] 叶舒琪, 尹俊婷, 李招贤, 等. 情绪对直觉与分析加工的影响机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2023, 31(5): 736-746.
[10] Schewski, L., Doss, M.M., Beldi, G. and Keller, S. (2025) Measuring Negative Emotions and Stress through Acoustic Correlates in Speech: A Systematic Review. PLOS One, 20, e0328833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[11] Blanchette, I., Richards, A., Melnyk, L. and Lavda, A. (2007) Reasoning about Emotional Contents Following Shocking Terrorist Attacks: A Tale of Three Cities. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 13, 47-56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[12] Shapiro, S. and MacInnis, D.J. (2002) Understanding Program-Induced Mood Effects: Decoupling Arousal from Valence. Journal of Advertising, 31, 15-26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[13] Eliades, M., Mansell, W., Stewart, A.J. and Blanchette, I. (2012) An Investigation of Belief-Bias and Logicality in Reasoning with Emotional Contents. Thinking & Reasoning, 18, 461-479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[14] Viau-Quesnel, C., Savary, M. and Blanchette, I. (2018) Reasoning and Concurrent Timing: A Study of the Mechanisms Underlying the Effect of Emotion on Reasoning. Cognition and Emotion, 33, 1020-1030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[15] Blanchette, I. and Caparos, S. (2018) When Emotions Improve Reasoning: The Possible Roles of Relevance and Utility. In: Elqayam, S., et al., Eds., New Paradigm Psychology of Reasoning, Routledge, 163-177.
[16] Trémolière, B., Gagnon, M. and Blanchette, I. (2016) Cognitive Load Mediates the Effect of Emotion on Analytical Thinking. Experimental Psychology, 63, 343-350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[17] Lespiau, F. and Tricot, A. (2024) Reasoning More Efficiently with Primary Knowledge Despite Extraneous Cognitive Load. Evolutionary Psychology, 22, 1-11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[18] Miller, D., Giancaspro, D., Iverson, M., Rothman, J. and Slabakova, R. (2016) Not Just Algunos, but Indeed Unos L2ers Can Acquire Scalar Implicatures in L2 Spanish. In: Language Acquisition beyond Parameters: Studies in Honour of Juana M. Liceras, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 125-145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[19] Dupuy, L., Stateva, P., Andreetta, S., Cheylus, A., Déprez, V., van der Henst, J., et al. (2018) Pragmatic Abilities in Bilinguals: The Case of Scalar Implicatures. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 9, 314-340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[20] Mazzaggio, G., Panizza, D. and Surian, L. (2021) On the Interpretation of Scalar Implicatures in First and Second Language. Journal of Pragmatics, 171, 62-75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[21] Khorsheed, A., Md. Rashid, S., Nimehchisalem, V., Geok Imm, L., Price, J. and Ronderos, C.R. (2022) What Second-Language Speakers Can Tell Us about Pragmatic Processing. PLOS ONE, 17, e0263724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[22] Costa, A., Foucart, A., Hayakawa, S., Aparici, M., Apesteguia, J., Heafner, J., et al. (2014) Your Morals Depend on Language. PLOS ONE, 9, e94842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[23] Privitera, A.J. (2024) Influence of Cognitive Control on the Moral Foreign Language Effect. International Journal of Bilingualism, 29, 1460-1473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[24] Zheng, L., Mobbs, D. and Yu, R. (2020) The Behavioral and Neural Basis of Foreign Language Effect on Risk-Taking. Neuropsychologia, 136, Article ID: 107290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[25] Zhang, W., Yu, J., Gao, Z., Hu, J., Wang, T. and Gao, S. (2025) Time-Varying Neural Oscillations Underlying the Foreign-Language Effect on Risk-Taking. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 54, Article No. 50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[26] Hayakawa, S., Tannenbaum, D., Costa, A., Corey, J.D. and Keysar, B. (2017) Thinking More or Feeling Less? Explaining the Foreign-Language Effect on Moral Judgment. Psychological Science, 28, 1387-1397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[27] Kahneman, D. (2003) A Perspective on Judgment and Choice: Mapping Bounded Rationality. American Psychologist, 58, 697-720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[28] Evans, J.S.B.T. (2003) In Two Minds: Dual-Process Accounts of Reasoning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 454-459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[29] Potapova, I. and Potapov, V. (2013) Emotional and Cognitive Perception of Music: Clinical Application. Music and Medicine, 5, 146-153.
[30] Geipel, J., Hadjichristidis, C. and Surian, L. (2015) The Foreign Language Effect on Moral Judgment: The Role of Emotions and Norms. PLOS ONE, 10, e0131529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[31] Stankovic, M., Biedermann, B. and Hamamura, T. (2022) Not All Bilinguals Are the Same: A Meta-Analysis of the Moral Foreign Language Effect. Brain and Language, 227, Article ID: 105082. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[32] Białek, M., Muda, R., Stewart, K., Niszczota, P. and Pieńkosz, D. (2020) Thinking in a Foreign Language Distorts Allocation of Cognitive Effort: Evidence from Reasoning. Cognition, 205, Article ID: 104420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[33] Handley, S.J., Newstead, S.E. and Trippas, D. (2011) Logic, Beliefs, and Instruction: A Test of the Default Interventionist Account of Belief Bias. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37, 28-43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[34] Chan, Y., Gu, X., Ng, J.C. and Tse, C. (2016) Effects of Dilemma Type, Language, and Emotion Arousal on Utilitarian vs Deontological Choice to Moral Dilemmas in Chinese-English Bilinguals. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 19, 55-65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[35] Ilie, G. and Thompson, W.F. (2011) Experiential and Cognitive Changes Following Seven Minutes Exposure to Music and Speech. Music Perception, 28, 247-264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[36] Anderson, A., Hsiao, T. and Metsis, V. (2017) Classification of Emotional Arousal during Multimedia Exposure. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments, Island of Rhodes, 21-23 June 2017, 181-184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[37] Moore, S.C. and Oaksford, M. (2002) Some Long‐Term Effects of Emotion on Cognition. British Journal of Psychology, 93, 383-395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[38] 邱林, 郑雪, 王雁飞. 积极情感消极情感量表(PANAS)的修订[J]. 应用心理学, 2008, 14(3): 249-254+268.
[39] Janis, I.L. and Frick, F. (1943) The Relationship between Attitudes toward Conclusions and Errors in Judging Logical Validity of Syllogisms. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33, 73-77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[40] Aspernäs, J., Erlandsson, A. and Nilsson, A. (2022) Motivated Formal Reasoning: Ideological Belief Bias in Syllogistic Reasoning across Diverse Political Issues. Thinking & Reasoning, 29, 43-69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[41] Unkelbach, C. and Roets, A. (2024) Truth-by-Repetition across Languages. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 14, 167-177.
[42] Hatzidaki, A., Santesteban, M. and Navarrete, E. (2024) Illusory Truth Effect across Languages and Scripts. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 32, 1231-1239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[43] Nadarevic, L., Plier, S., Thielmann, I. and Darancó, S. (2018) Foreign Language Reduces the Longevity of the Repetition-Based Truth Effect. Acta Psychologica, 191, 149-159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[44] Unkelbach, C. (2007) Reversing the Truth Effect: Learning the Interpretation of Processing Fluency in Judgments of Truth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33, 219-230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[45] Silva, R.R., Garcia-Marques, T. and Mello, J. (2015) The Differential Effects of Fluency Due to Repetition and Fluency Due to Color Contrast on Judgments of Truth. Psychological Research, 80, 821-837. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[46] De Neys, W., Schaeken, W. and d'Ydewalle, G. (2005) Working Memory and Everyday Conditional Reasoning: Retrieval and Inhibition of Stored Counterexamples. Thinking & Reasoning, 11, 349-381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[47] Trippas, D., Handley, S.J. and Verde, M.F. (2013) The SDT Model of Belief Bias: Complexity, Time, and Cognitive Ability Mediate the Effects of Believability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39, 1393-1402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[48] Waheed, S., Waheed, A. and Habib, S. (2024) An Experimental Study of Classical Truth Logic on Multi-Propositions Consistent and Incompatible: Dual-Process Theories and Modal Syllogistic of Deduction. PLOS ONE, 19, e0299741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[49] Wen, Z. (2014) Theorizing and Measuring Working Memory in First and Second Language Research. Language Teaching, 47, 174-190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[50] 倪传斌. 外语对思维的影响——基于外语效应的实证研究[J]. 外语教学与研究, 2022, 54(4): 544-556+639.
[51] Lorenzoni, A., Faccio, R. and Navarrete, E. (2024) Does Foreign-Accented Speech Affect Credibility? Evidence from the Illusory-Truth Paradigm. Journal of Cognition, 7, Article No. 26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]