智能车辆数字服务的消费者保护机制研究

Research on Consumer Protection Mechanism of Intelligent Vehicle Digital Service

摘要: 随着智能网联汽车的快速发展，车辆的核心价值逐渐由硬件性能转向数字功能与数据服务。软件升级、自动驾驶订阅及云端算法优化等新型商业模式，使传统基于一次性交付的合同关系转变为持续履约的动态关系。本文以“车辆智能化背景下数字功能的合同属性与消费者保护”为主题，分析了智能汽车数字功能在合同法与消费者保护法中的定位问题，探讨了数字功能承诺是否构成合同条款及其违约责任的界定。通过对特斯拉FSD订阅服务、国内OTA升级纠纷及相关政策文件的案例分析，本文指出我国现行法律体系仍以传统商品逻辑为基础，尚未完全适应数字履约的持续性特征。对比欧盟《数字内容与数字服务指令》及美国监管机制，本文提出完善数字功能合同属性认定、建立功能一致性义务与退订权制度的建议，以期为我国智能汽车消费者保护法律体系的完善提供参考。

Abstract: With the rapid development of intelligent and connected vehicles, the core value of automobiles is shifting from hardware performance to digital functions and data services. New business models—such as software updates, autonomous driving subscriptions, and cloud-based algorithm optimization—have transformed traditional one-time sales contracts into continuous performance relationships. Focusing on the contractual attributes of digital functions and consumer protection in intelligent vehicles, this paper analyzes how digital features are defined under contract law and consumer protection law, and examines whether digital promises form part of contractual obligations. Through case studies of Tesla’s FSD subscription model, domestic OTA update disputes, and recent Chinese regulatory documents, it argues that China’s current legal framework remains rooted in the regulation of tangible goods and lacks adaptability to ongoing digital performance obligations. Drawing on the EU’s Directive (EU) 2019/770 on Digital Content and Services and U.S. regulatory practices, the paper proposes enhancing the recognition of digital function contracts, establishing performance consistency obligations and consumer withdrawal rights, and improving the legal mechanisms for digital consumer protection in China.