儿童胃食管反流病诊疗进展
Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.15123386, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 陈 锐*, 王玉婷#:重庆医科大学附属儿童医院消化科,国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心,儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室,儿童神经发育与认知障碍重庆市重点实验室,重庆
关键词: 儿童胃食管反流病诊断与治疗综述Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Review
摘要: 胃食管反流病(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, GERD)是儿科领域的常见消化系统疾病,其临床表现隐匿且非典型,易与呼吸、营养问题相混淆,导致诊断延迟。近年来,其诊疗观念不断更新,在诊断方面,传统方法正被更精准的技术所补充,多通道腔内阻抗-pH监测能有效区分酸反流、弱酸反流及气体反流,显著提高了诊断的精确性。在治疗方面,更加强调阶梯化管理,生活方式干预是基础。药物治疗中,质子泵抑制剂仍是主流,但对其在婴幼儿中的长期应用安全性关注度日益增加。对于难治性严重GERD,腹腔镜胃底折叠术等抗反流手术是终极手段。本文就儿童GERD的诊断及治疗方面进行综述。
Abstract: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a common digestive system disorder in the pediatric field. Its clinical manifestations are often occult and atypical, easily confused with respiratory or nutritional issues, leading to delayed diagnosis. Recently, there have been continuous updates in its diagnostic and therapeutic concepts. In terms of diagnosis, traditional methods are being supplemented by more precise techniques. Multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH monitoring can effectively differentiate between acid reflux, weakly acid reflux, and gas reflux, significantly improving diagnostic accuracy. In treatment, there is a stronger emphasis on stepwise management, with lifestyle interventions serving as the foundation. Among pharmacological treatments, proton pump inhibitors remain the mainstay, though there is increasing concern regarding the long-term safety of their use in infants and young children. For refractory and severe GERD, anti-reflux surgeries such as laparoscopic fundoplication represent the ultimate intervention. This article provides a review of the diagnosis and treatment of GERD in children.
文章引用:陈锐, 王玉婷. 儿童胃食管反流病诊疗进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(12): 105-116. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.15123386

1. 引言

儿童胃食管反流(Gastroesophageal Reflux, GER)是指胃内容物逆流入食管的现象,是婴幼儿期常见的生理现象,表现为“快乐吐奶者”的溢乳,大多能自行缓解;当反流引起令人困扰的症状和(或)并发症时,则诊断为病理性的胃食管反流病(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, GERD) [1],需要积极的临床干预。明确区分生理性GER与病理性GERD是临床决策的基石,从而防止不必要的医疗干预。

2. 临床表现

儿童GERD临床表现复杂多样,年龄依赖性明显,婴儿期常表现为过度哭闹、易激惹、背部弓起、喂养困难和生长发育迟缓;年长儿童和青少年更接近成人的反酸、烧心、胸骨后疼痛。食管外症状则十分善于伪装,常模仿喘息、慢性咳嗽、中耳炎、牙齿腐蚀以及异常姿势的Sandifer综合征等,给临床诊断和鉴别带来困难。若病情迁延不愈,还可能出现糜烂性食管炎、食管狭窄和Barrett食管等严重并发症。一旦出现呕吐加重、消化道出血、慢性腹泻、体重减轻、癫痫发作、头颅畸形及全身性症状时称为报警症状,需到专科进一步检查[1] [2]

3. 诊断方法

3.1. 传统手段

GER和GERD的体征和症状均不具有特异性,目前暂无单一的金标准诊断工具。传统影像学检查如钡餐造影和超声,已不被推荐用于GERD的确诊,但它们在评估检测食管裂孔疝、幽门狭窄等胃肠道畸形仍有其价值。上消化道内镜和活检并非诊断GERD的首选工具,其核心在于评估并发症和排除嗜酸细胞性食管炎等鉴别诊断。高分辨率食管测压主要用于评估食管动力。胃蛋白酶虽是研究最广泛的无创标志物,但敏感性特异性不足且非胃部特异表达[3],不常规用于儿童GERD的诊断。近年探索的肥胖相关激素[4]、平均血小板体积[5]及粪便钙卫蛋白[6]等间接指标异质性高,目前尚无单一的理想生物标志物。代谢组学是新方向,以期开发无创生物标志物组合服务临床[7]

3.2. 24小时食管pH监测与多通道腔内阻抗-pH

24小时食管pH监测能够量化食管酸暴露并与内镜下的黏膜损伤相关联,曾是诊断GERD主要方法,但无法识别pH值 > 4的非酸性或弱酸性反流[8],这一缺陷在以非酸性或弱酸性反流为主的婴幼儿和使用抑酸剂的儿童中尤为突出,因此,单独使用pH监测会造成大量漏诊。多通道腔内阻抗-pH (Multichannel Intraluminal Impedance-pH Monitoring, MII-pH)通过同步测量食管内阻抗和pH值的变化,能够捕捉包括酸性、弱酸性、非酸性在内的所有反流事件及其成分,如液体、气体、混合性质,评估症状与反流的复杂关联,显著提高GERD的诊断率,并为治疗方案的制定提供依据[9]。因此,意大利[10]和日本[11]的儿科专业学会相继发布了权威的立场文件和标准化方案,正式确立了MII-pH作为诊断儿童GERD的首选方法,并对MII-pH监测的适应证、操作流程、数据分析及结果解读进行了规范。但需意识到,MII-pH并不能作为唯一诊断工具,其与单纯pH监测的关系也并非相互替代,而是互补,联合使用能显著提高儿童GERD诊断的准确性和可靠性[12]

MII-pH监测的准确性始于探头的精确定位,当前正不断克服传统身高公式的局限。如针对儿童的简化线性公式[13]以及结合身高与胸骨距离的新公式[14],均显著提升了定位成功率。尤为突出的是,不依赖身高的KHC-Fv2公式,通过体表标志进行定位,在婴儿和身高小于100 cm的儿童群体中的准确率远超其他方法[15]。尽管这些新公式精度大幅提高,但由于个体解剖差异,任何公式初步定位后,进行X射线确认仍是必要步骤[16]

与此同时,MII-pH报告解读也在多维度发展。在评估反流总体负荷时,反流事件总数是基础指标,通常<1岁患儿 > 100次/24小时或≥1岁患儿 > 70次/24小时提示病理性反流;反流指数(Reflux Index, RI)也是基础指标之一,目前其阈值设定尚存差异。症状关联性分析是指导治疗的关键,症状指数(Symptom Index, SI)和症状关联概率(Symptom Association Probability, SAP)作为重要工具,用于判断咳嗽、呼吸暂停等症状是否由反流直接引起,当SI ≥ 50%和SAP ≥ 95%时认为存在显著相关性,这是决定是否启动或调整抗反流治疗的重要依据[10] [11]。除传统参数外,新型衍生指标同样具有重要参考价值。基线阻抗(Baseline Impedance, BI)或平均夜间基线阻抗(Mean Nocturnal Baseline Impedance, MNBI)能反映食管黏膜的完整性,低MNBI值代表黏膜屏障功能受损,通常由慢性反流引起的炎症导致,与病理性酸暴露和食管炎密切相关,为是否需要内镜检查提供线索。反流后吞咽诱导的蠕动波指数(Post-reflux Swallow-induced Peristaltic Wave Index, PSPW)则评估食管在反流事件发生后的化学清除能力,PSPW偏低说明食管蠕动功能不佳,反流物清除效率低下[17] [18]。最长反流时间(Longest Reflux Duration, LRT)在食管外症状患儿中表现突出[19]

联合应用这些指标有助于提高诊断精准度,预测治疗反应,并辅助鉴别非糜烂性反流病、食管高敏感性与功能性烧心,从而指导选择酸抑制剂、神经调节剂或外科手术等个体化治疗方案。需强调的是,由于自动分析软件存在局限性且儿科正常参考值尚不统一,所有报告均需经人工审核以确保数据准确,并结合完整病史才能制定可靠治疗方案[10] [11]

3.3. 问卷及其他检测方法

使用反流问卷在确定症状严重程度和婴儿的整体健康状况方面可以发挥重要作用。婴儿胃食管反流修订版问卷(I-GERQ-R)一直被广泛用于量化评估婴儿胃食管反流相关症状的频率和严重程度[20]。GIGER量表专门用于评估2岁以下婴幼儿胃肠道和胃食管反流症状[21]。这些依赖主观症状评估的问卷天然存在局限性,必须结合客观检查,并警惕症状重叠。视频MII-pH、BRAVO无线pH监测、基于可降解明胶的摄入式阻抗传感器等检测方法有待研究。

4. 治疗

4.1. 饮食与生活方式调整

针对婴幼儿反流,其基础管理涵盖多个方面。如在配方奶或母乳中加入米谷物、角豆胶等增稠剂,是减少肉眼可见反流的常用干预措施。然而,此类方法可能伴随腹泻、喂养不耐受等风险,对早产儿甚至可能引发坏死性小肠结肠炎等严重后果;此外,增稠剂的类型与浓度也会直接影响其效果与安全性[22]。近年来,含有益生菌、益生元并兼具增稠功能的特殊配方逐渐成为新趋势,研究证实其能更安全有效地改善反流及相关肠道问题[23]。当怀疑反流与牛奶蛋白过敏相关时,进行低敏配方试验成为了鉴别诊断与管理的关键一步。2018年的NASPGHAN/ESPGHAN指南建议,在一线非药物干预失败后,对此类婴儿可启动为期2~4周的严格饮食回避试验,即对配方奶喂养儿换用深度水解或氨基酸配方,对母乳喂养儿则要求母亲回避牛奶蛋白[2]。除饮食干预外,调整喂养方式与体位也有助于减少反流频率及吸入风险。日常生活中应遵循少量多餐原则,提供年龄和体重相适应的喂养量,避免过度喂养;对于母乳喂养的婴儿,需注意调整喂养姿势与衔乳技巧,以确保有效吸吮[24]。在体位管理上,虽有证据支持头高位、俯卧或左侧卧位能改善反流,但为规避婴儿猝死综合征风险,这些体位仅建议在婴儿清醒且有人监护时短时间采用[2]。当患儿步入儿童与青少年期,基础管理更侧重于系统的饮食调整与生活习惯干预。肥胖是儿童及青少年GERD的明确风险因素,对于超重或肥胖的患儿,减重应被视为核心的治疗策略之一;避免被动吸烟和睡前进食;坚持低脂饮食、植物性饮食[25]、DASH饮食[26]可预防青少年GERD。

家庭系统管理也是重要环节。儿童GERD并非孤立的个体疾病,患儿持续地哭闹、喂养困难与睡眠障碍等症状,是导致家长产生巨大焦虑和抑郁情绪的直接根源[27]。在此基础上,社会支持的缺乏和对病情的消极认知,会进一步加剧这种本已沉重却又常常被忽视的心理负担;此种心理状态又会反过来影响其疾病认知、治疗依从性及亲子互动质量,甚至进一步加重患儿症状,形成负性互动循环[28]。因此,有效的儿童GERD管理必须超越单纯针对患儿的干预,转向以家庭为中心的综合模式。应将父母心理健康状态纳入常规评估与支持体系,通过提供父母自我关怀培训、情绪调节资源以及必要时的专业心理介入,打破恶性循环,促进患儿康复与家庭功能恢复。这种综合干预策略契合生物–心理–社会医学理念,有望在改善患儿临床结局的同时,减轻家庭心理负担,优化整体医疗资源利用。

4.2. 药物治疗

4.2.1. 质子泵抑制剂(PPIs)

奥美拉唑、兰索拉唑、埃索美拉唑等质子泵抑制剂通过不可逆地抑制胃壁细胞的H+/K+-ATP酶来发挥作用,PPIs已被证明是1岁以上儿童最有效的药物[29]。指南明确建议,反对经验性使用,反对将PPIs用于治疗婴儿的非特异性症状,对于有明确适应证的患儿,如内镜证实的糜烂性食管炎、典型的酸反流症状,进行4~8周的短期治疗试验,若症状改善,应尝试降低剂量或停药[2]。但实际上,指南依从性普遍较差,多国研究显示PPIs在婴幼儿中被严重过度处方[30]-[33]。所幸的是,近期研究表明这一趋势已出现积极逆转,PPIs使用率正迅速下降,开始探索替代疗法[34] [35]。尽管如此,仍需警惕PPIs使用的潜在风险,其中最显著的是消化道、耳鼻喉及下呼吸道的感染风险增加[36],长期使用还会引起营养素缺乏、骨折风险上升、肠道菌群失调及食管微生态改变,甚至与过敏性疾病的发生密切相关[37]。除了上述潜在风险外,患者自身的遗传特征也会影响PPI疗效与安全性。编码PPI主要代谢酶CYP2C19的基因存在多态性,这是导致药物疗效和不良反应个体差异的重要原因。携带快速代谢基因型的患者可能因药物清除过快而导致治疗失败;反之,慢代谢者则可能因药物在体内过度暴露而增加不良反应风险[38]。为此,当前的研究已开始依据不同基因型构建药物动力学模型,为实现PPI的精准用药提供了强有力的工具[39]

4.2.2. H2受体拮抗剂(H2RAs)

西咪替丁、雷尼替丁、法莫替丁等H2受体拮抗剂通过竞争性阻断胃壁细胞上的组胺H2受体来减少胃酸分泌,效果不如PPIs,其主要局限在于用药后数周内易产生快速耐受性,导致长期疗效下降,并可能与肺炎、坏死性小肠结肠炎等风险增加有关,目前主要用于短期治疗或在特定情况下作为PPIs的替代选择[40]。需注意的是,2019年美国食品和药物管理局发现雷尼替丁中含有一种名为N-亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA)的可疑致癌物质,已将其从市场上下架[32]

4.2.3. 钾离子竞争性酸阻滞剂(P-CABs)

如瑞伐拉赞、沃诺拉赞、泰戈拉赞是一类新型的抑酸药物,通过与钾离子竞争性结合H+/K+-ATP酶来抑制胃酸分泌。与需要酸性环境活化且不可逆结合的PPIs相比,P-CABs具有明显的药理学优势,其无需酸活化,因此起效更快;半衰期更长,能提供更强效持久的胃内pH控制;且代谢不主要依赖于CYP2C19酶,受基因多态性影响小,个体差异更小[41]。目前多项成人临床试验已证实,P-CABs在治疗糜烂性食管炎和根除幽门螺杆菌方面疗效不逊于甚至优于PPIs [42],但其长期安全性,特别是对胃泌素水平的影响仍需密切关注[41]。该类药物在儿科领域的应用尚处于起步阶段,鉴于其强大的抑酸效果,未来在治疗儿童重度或难治性胃食管反流病方面有巨大潜力。

4.2.4. 抗酸剂

氢氧化铝、碳酸钙直接中和胃酸来快速缓解烧心等症状,作用时间短,长期使用可能导致铝中毒、乳碱综合征等,因此,不适用于婴儿GERD的常规治疗,仅可考虑在大龄儿童和青少年中用于短期、按需缓解症状[43]

4.2.5. 其他药物

甲氧氯普胺、多潘立酮等促动力药理论上能通过增加食管下括约肌压力、促进食管清除和加速胃排空来减少反流,但在儿童中的应用非常有限。主要原因在于缺乏高质量的证据证明其在儿童GERD中的疗效,反而伴随着严重不良反应,如甲氧氯普胺的锥体外系反应和多潘立酮的QT间期延长[40]。因此,这类药物不宜常规使用。藻酸盐作为食管黏膜保护剂,能形成物理凝胶筏减少反流,但会带来便秘、肠梗阻等,需避免与稠化配方奶联用[22],可作为母乳喂养增稠剂的替代治疗[40]。由硫酸、蔗糖和氢氧化铝组成的硫糖铝,儿童用药数据少且长期使用存在铝中毒的风险[29],不建议单独使用。GABA-B受体激动剂巴氯芬能够减少食管括约肌松弛的频率,为难治性患者提供了选择,但其能产生头晕、嗜睡等中枢神经系统反应,限制了其在儿科的广泛应用[22]。微生态调节剂益生菌和合生元可在长期使用PPI治疗时改善肠道功能[44]、榅桲糖浆[45]、香桃木果实糖浆[46]可改善特定症状。

4.3. 外科治疗

儿童GERD的手术适应证[1] [2]:① 药物治疗失败或药物依赖② 危及生命的并发症如与反流明确相关的呼吸暂停、心动过缓或简短原因不明事件③ 存在严重的糜烂性食管炎、食管狭窄、Barrett食管等消化道并发症或巨大的食管裂孔疝④ 反复发作的吸入性肺炎或加重了原有的肺部基础疾病⑤ 营养与生长障碍⑥ 家庭意愿。

腹腔镜胃底折叠术(Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication, LNF)自问世以来,因具有创伤小、住院时间短的显著优势成为了治疗儿童GERD的标准外科术式。胃底折叠术的基本原理是利用患者自身的胃底组织包裹食管下段,从而在解剖上重建或加强抗反流屏障。目前主流的术式主要包括Nissen全胃底折叠术和Toupet、Thal等部分胃底折叠术。与Nissen术相比,Toupet术、Thal术后发生并发症的风险更低[47] [48];从控制反流的根本目标来看,Nissen术和Toupet术均表现出显著的短期效果,但长期疗效存在衰减趋势,相当一部分患儿会出现症状复发[49]。复杂的是,一项长达十年的随访研究显示,与开放式手术相比,儿童LNF术后复发率更高且时间更早[50],这提示临床医生在为儿童患者选择术式时,应谨慎抉择。

为解决经典术式的固有缺陷,改良与创新术式应运而生。Toussen术式创新性地结合了Toupet式后壁部分折叠与Nissen式全折叠,旨在同时降低并发症与复发率,初步分析显示其安全有效,远期再次手术率极低[51]。ECCO术式则提出“双重解剖保真”理念,在有效控流的同时,最大限度保护肌肉功能并保留胃底的生理形态[52]。机器人手术则凭借精细操作的优势,在处理粘连严重的再次胃底折叠术中展现了独特的价值[53]。当前内镜下新疗法如经口无切口胃底折叠术、射频消融术、磁性括约肌增强术等主要应用于成人,在儿童中的应用和远期效果尚待研究。

5. 管理

5.1. 儿童GERD的管理

儿童GERD的管理应遵循阶梯式原则,优先采用非药物方案,仅在必要时才升级至药物乃至手术治疗。首先通过病史和体格检查筛查有无报警症状,一旦发现报警症状,无论婴儿或年长儿童,均应立即转诊专科进行深入检查。若无报警症状,则按年龄分层进入阶梯管理流程:对于婴儿[2],第一步评估喂养情况并进行调整;若无效,则进行2~4周的低敏配方试验;如仍无改善,再转诊至专科,在医生指导下试用PPIs (如图A1所示)。对于年长儿童[2],首先进行生活方式干预和健康教育;若症状持续,可开展4~8周的诊断性抑酸治疗;若仍未见效,则需通过内镜活检或pH-MII等检查进一步明确诊断与分型(如图A2所示)。同样,每一阶段均需定期评估病情变化,并以此为依据决定是否升级治疗方案。

5.2. 神经系统损害患儿

神经系统损害(Neurologically Impaired, NI)的儿童,例如脑瘫患儿,是GERD高危群体[1]。这类患儿的GERD症状通常更为严重且表现不典型,易引发反复发作的吸入性肺炎或营养不良等严重并发症。其GERD管理同样遵循阶梯式治疗原则。首先采用保守治疗,一线治疗方案包括药物和饮食调整。PPIs是首选药物,同时可辅以改变肠内营养配方,如使用基于乳清的配方或增稠液体,以减轻反流症状;不常规使用促动力药物;当内科治疗失败后,则考虑尼森胃底折叠术。指南强调,不应在放置胃造口管时常规同时进行抗反流手术,仅当两者问题并存且药物难以控制时才考虑联合手术;对于病情最严重且常规手术失败的患儿,全食管胃分离术可作为根除反流的最终方案[54]。整体而言,NI患儿的GERD管理,应围绕以预防误吸与优化营养为中心,基于多学科团队评估与医患共同决策,制定个体化的治疗方案。

5.3. 食管闭锁术后患儿

食管闭锁(Esophageal Atresia, EA)术后患儿GERD患病率极高[55]。其病因与食管解剖结构改变和固有的蠕动功能障碍密切相关,若不加以控制,可导致一系列严重并发症,包括吻合口狭窄、反流性食管炎、巴雷特食管及呼吸系统并发症。鉴于此,指南明确建议即使在无症状的情况下,也应在新生儿期术后开始使用质子泵抑制剂,并持续至少一年,以降低早期并发症风险[56]。不过,质子泵抑制剂的长期使用可能会增加感染等风险、改变肠道微生态及潜在嗜酸细胞性食管炎的发生[37],需在随访中予以关注。

持续定期监测是其管理的核心环节。上消化道内镜检查及多点活检是目前EA术后患儿评估食管黏膜状态的标准化监测方案。要求在患儿停用PPI时、10岁前以及向成人医疗过渡前至少进行三次常规内镜筛查。对于药物治疗反应不佳或存在特定情况的患儿,如复发性吻合口狭窄、长期依赖经幽门喂养或出现紫绀发作等,可考虑行胃底折叠术;术前需全面评估,包括食管动力、解剖结构及黏膜状况,以权衡手术利弊,尤其需注意食管动力差者术后可能出现吞咽障碍加重[56] [57]。总体而言,胃食管反流的管理应贯穿儿童期并延续至成年,强调个体化、多学科协作及长期随访,以改善预后与生活质量。

6. 小结与展望

临床上需要严格区分GER与GERD,临床干预的目标应是治疗由反流引起的并发症,而非消除所有婴儿期常见的良性吐奶现象。饮食调整和生活方式指导是所有患儿一线、基础的治疗方案,应在考虑任何药物之前被充分尝试和优化。任何抑酸药的处方必须基于明确严格的适应症,并定期重新评估治疗,以最短的疗程和最低的有效剂量达到治疗目标,最大限度地减少不必要的药物暴露。外科手术作为治疗难治性或复杂性GERD的终极手段,其价值和地位依然不可动摇。腹腔镜微创技术已成为主流,但术式的选择远非固定不变,应基于对患儿个体因素详尽评估。

未来需深入探索能够协助诊断和预测治疗反应的无创生物标志物,开展设计高质量临床试验,循证评估新兴技术,不断迈向精准医疗,实现真正的个体化治疗,显著改善受影响儿童及其家庭的生活质量,减轻儿童GERD负担。

致 谢

在本文撰写过程中,我衷心感谢导师与各位朋友给予的悉心指导与宝贵支持。同时,向所有被引用的文献、资料及学术思想的原创者与所有者,致以崇高的敬意和由衷的感谢!

附 录

Figure A1. Management algorithm for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in infant [2]

A1. 婴儿胃食管反流病(GERD)管理流程图[2]

Figure A2. Management algorithm for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in older children and adolescent [2]

A2. 年长儿童胃食管反流病(GERD)管理流程图[2]

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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