膀胱腔内电刺激与骶神经磁刺激治疗神经源性膀胱活动低下的临床对照研究
Clinical Controlled Study of Intravesical Electrical Stimulation versus Sacral Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Neurogenic Detrusor Underactivity
摘要: 目的:比较膀胱腔内电刺激(Intravesical Electrical Stimulation, IVES)与骶神经磁刺激(Sacral Magnetic Stimulation, SMS)治疗神经源性膀胱活动低下(Neurogenic Detrusor Underactivity, NDU)的临床疗效。方法:选取2023年10月至2025年6月我院收治的NDU患者共38例,采用随机数字表法分为IVES组(n = 20)和SMS组(n = 18)。IVES组有2例因泌尿系感染中途脱落,最终两组各有18例患者完成治疗。IVES组采用膀胱腔内电刺激治疗,SMS组采用骶神经磁刺激治疗,两组均治疗4周。比较两组治疗前后的初尿意(FSV)、日均单次导尿量、日均导尿次数及神经源性膀胱症状评分(NBSS)。结果:治疗前IVES组和SMS组患者的4项观察指标差异均无统计学意义(p均>0.05)。治疗后,两组患者的4项观察指标均较治疗前有显著改善(p均<0.05)。治疗后,IVES组的日均单次导尿量、日均导尿次数、NBSS评分均显著低于SMS组(p均<0.05)。在膀胱感觉功能方面,SMS组的初尿意显著低于IVES组(p = 0.002)。结论:IVES和SMS均能有效改善NDU患者的膀胱功能。IVES在改善膀胱排空功能(增加自主排尿、减少导尿依赖)和降低症状评分方面更具优势;而SMS在改善膀胱早期感觉功能(初尿意)方面表现更优。
Abstract: Objective: To compare the clinical efficacy of Intravesical Electrical Stimulation (IVES) and Sacral Magnetic Stimulation (SMS) in the treatment of Neurogenic Detrusor Underactivity (NDU). Methods: A total of 38 NDU patients admitted to our hospital from October 2023 to June 2025 were selected and randomly divided into an IVES group (n = 20) and an SMS group (n = 18) using a random number table. Two patients in the IVES group dropped out due to urinary tract infection, ultimately resulting in 18 patients in each group completing the treatment. The IVES group received intravesical electrical stimulation, while the SMS group received sacral magnetic stimulation. Both groups were treated for 4 weeks. The first sensation of bladder filling (FSV), mean single catheterization volume per day, mean number of catheterizations per day, and Neurogenic Bladder Symptom Score (NBSS) were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. Results: Before treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in the four observation indicators between the IVES and SMS groups (all p > 0.05). After treatment, all four observation indicators in both groups showed significant improvement compared to before treatment (all p < 0.05). After treatment, the mean single catheterization volume per day, mean number of catheterizations per day, and NBSS score in the IVES group were significantly lower than those in the SMS group (all p < 0.05). Regarding bladder sensory function, the first sensation of bladder filling in the SMS group was significantly lower than that in the IVES group (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Both IVES and SMS can effectively improve bladder function in patients with NDU. IVES shows greater advantages in improving bladder emptying function (increasing voluntary voiding, reducing catheter dependence) and reducing symptom scores; whereas SMS demonstrates superior efficacy in improving early bladder sensory function (first sensation of bladder filling).
文章引用:李浩, 郑雅文, 李江, 任子峤, 张永祥. 膀胱腔内电刺激与骶神经磁刺激治疗神经源性膀胱活动低下的临床对照研究[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(12): 803-811. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.15123473

1. 引言

神经源性膀胱活动低下(NDU)是由于神经系统病变(如脊髓损伤、糖尿病神经病变、帕金森病等)导致的逼尿肌收缩力减弱或缺失,临床表现为排尿困难、尿潴留和充溢性尿失禁,严重威胁患者生活质量并可能导致上尿路损害[1]-[3]。目前,清洁间歇导尿(CIC)是NDU的主要管理方式,但长期导尿易引发泌尿系感染(UTI)、依从性差等问题[2] [3]。因此,寻求恢复膀胱自主功能的治疗方法具有重要临床意义。

膀胱腔内电刺激(IVES)是一种有创的神经调控技术,通过向膀胱内电极施加特定电流,刺激膀胱壁内的传入神经纤维,激活膀胱–脊髓–脑干–皮层排尿反射弧,旨在增强逼尿肌收缩力[4]-[9]。骶神经磁刺激(SMS)则是一种无创的神经调控技术,利用脉冲磁场穿透组织,在骶神经根(S2-S4)水平产生感应电流,调节控制排尿的神经通路[10] [11]

目前,IVES和SMS作为NDU的康复治疗手段均已有报道,但两者疗效的直接对比,特别是涉及多维度膀胱功能(包括感觉、储存和排空)的临床研究尚不多见[2] [12]。本研究旨在通过一项前瞻性对照研究,系统比较IVES与SMS对NDU患者膀胱功能的影响,为临床治疗方案的选择提供循证医学证据。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 一般资料

选取2023年10月至2025年6月于青岛大学附属医院康复科接受治疗的NDU患者共38例。本研究经我院伦理委员会批准。38例患者随机分为IVES组(n = 20)和SMS组(n = 18)。IVES组在治疗期间有2例因发生泌尿系感染而脱落,最终IVES组18例、SMS组18例完成本研究。本研究的流程如图1所示。

纳入标准:(1) 经尿动力学检查确诊为膀胱活动低下;(2) 神经系统病变(如脊髓损伤、马尾神经损伤等)处于稳定期;(3) 依赖清洁间歇导尿;(4) 年龄18~70岁;(5) 患者知情同意。

排除标准:(1) 严重的尿道狭窄、膀胱结石、肿瘤等;(2) 治疗前存在活动性泌尿系感染;(3) 体内有心脏起搏器、金属植入物(SMS组);(4) 妊娠期或哺乳期妇女;(5) 认知障碍无法配合评估者。

Figure 1. Flowchart of patient screening and group allocation

1. 患者筛选与分组流程图

2.2. 治疗方法

2.2.1. IVES组(膀胱腔内电刺激)

患者排空膀胱后,置入专用的F14 (或F16)带电极导尿管。使用电刺激治疗仪,连接导尿管电极。设置刺激参数为:频率20 Hz,刺激强度:从0.5 mA输出开始,以0.5 mA/步进行调整,逐渐增大刺激强度,直到患者“感觉到明显强烈的膀胱收缩且不引起疼痛”/“超声下观察到患者逼尿肌收缩”为止,此时的刺激强度即为治疗强度;每次治疗20分钟,每日1次,每周5天,共治疗4周。

2.2.2. SMS组(骶神经磁刺激)

患者取舒适体位,使用磁刺激仪,将其“8”字形线圈置于患者S2~S4骶神经体表定位处。设置刺激参数为:强度为70%最大磁强度,频率为20 Hz,每个序列40个脉冲且持续2 s,30个序列,每个序列间隔38 s,每次治疗20分钟,每日1次,每周5天,共治疗4周。

2.3. 观察指标及定义

在治疗前及治疗4周后,对两组患者进行以下指标评估:

初尿意(First Sensation of Voiding, FSV):在尿动力学检查中,以中速(如50 mL/min)向膀胱内充盈生理盐水时,患者报告首次有轻微膀胱充盈感(即刚意识到有尿)时的膀胱容量(mL)。此指标是评估膀胱感觉功能的金标准,数值越低,表明膀胱感觉功能越灵敏、越接近正常。

日均导尿次数和日均单次导尿量:通过患者治疗前后3天的排尿日记计算平均值。日均导尿次数(次/天)和日均单次导尿量(mL/次)是反映膀胱排空障碍严重程度和CIC依赖性的核心指标。数值越低,表明残余尿量越少,膀胱排空功能改善越明显。

NBSS评分(Neurogenic Bladder Symptom Score):采用国际通用的神经源性膀胱症状量表[13] [14],评估患者的尿失禁、排尿困难、储尿期症状及生活质量。总分越低,表明症状越轻,生活质量越高[15] [16]

2.4. 统计学方法

采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料首先进行正态性检验(Shapiro-Wilk检验)。符合正态分布的资料以均数 ± 标准差表示,组内比较采用配对样本t检验,组间比较采用独立样本t检验(方差不齐时采用Welch’s t检验)。以p < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 两组治疗前后各指标组内比较

治疗4周后,两组患者的初尿意、日均单次导尿量、日均导尿次数、NBSS评分均较各自治疗前有显著改善,差异均具有统计学意义(p均<0.05) (见表1图2)。

Table 1. Comparison of observation indicators in the IVES and SMS groups before and after treatment

1. IVES组、SMS组治疗前后各观察指标比较

指标

分组

治疗前

治疗后

组内p

组间p

(治疗前)

组间p

(治疗)

初尿意

IVES组(n = 18)

392.33 ± 29.12

485.39 ± 61.84

<0.001

0.230

0.003

SMS组(n = 18)

404.67 ± 31.42

431.67 ± 25.70

0.008

日均单次导尿量

IVES组(n = 18)

351.56 ± 90.86

165.44 ± 110.05

<0.001

0.775

0.003

SMS组(n = 18)

344.61 ± 46.37

265.44 ± 68.84

<0.001

日均导尿次数

IVES组(n = 18)

4.83 ± 1.15

1.67 ± 1.24

<0.001

0.341

<0.001

SMS组(n = 18)

5.22 ± 1.26

4.28 ± 1.49

0.048

NBSS评分

IVES组(n = 18)

50.94 ± 4.54

34.78 ± 13.06

<0.001

0.587

0.005

SMS组(n = 18)

53.44 ± 4.98

45.889 ± 7.93

0.002

Figure 2. Comparison of observation indicators before and after treatment in both groups

2. 两组患者治疗前后各观察指标比较

3.2. 两组治疗后各指标组间比较

治疗前,IVES组、SMS组所有观察指标比较,差异均无统计学意义(p > 0.05)。

治疗4周后,对两组的疗效进行比较:

膀胱感觉:SMS组的初尿意显著低于IVES组(p = 0.003)。

导尿依赖:IVES组的日均单次导尿量和日均导尿次数均显著低于SMS组(p均<0.05)。

症状改善:IVES组的NBSS评分显著低于SMS组(p = 0.005)。

具体统计结果详见表1图3

4. 讨论

本研究结果证实,IVES和SMS作为两种前沿的神经调控疗法,在治疗神经源性膀胱活动低下(NDU)方面均显示出确切的临床疗效[1]。治疗4周后,两组患者在膀胱感觉功能、储尿功能上均较各自治疗前获得了统计学意义上的显著改善(p均<0.05)。然而,本研究的组间比较进一步揭示,这两种疗法在改善膀胱功能的不同维度上各有侧重,这为临床个体化治疗提供了重要的循证依据。

Figure 3. Intergroup comparison of observation indicators after treatment in both groups

3. 两组患者治疗后各观察指标组间比较

4.1. IVES在改善膀胱排空功能及降低症状负荷上的优势

本研究一个重要发现是IVES在改善膀胱排空功能方面的卓越效果[4]。从数据上看,IVES组患者的日均导尿次数从治疗前的4.8次显著下降至1.6次,而SMS组仅从5.1次降至4.3次。与此相一致,IVES组的日均单次导尿量也显著降低。此外,IVES组有3例患者恢复了有效的自主排尿,摆脱了导尿管依赖。从临床实践角度看,日均导尿次数减少 ≥ 2次或恢复自主排尿,可被视为具有明确临床意义的改善。

这种对膀胱运动功能的强大驱动力,可能源于IVES独特的作用机制[6] [17]。IVES通过置入膀胱的电极,对膀胱壁内的传入神经末梢(推测主要为Aδ和C类纤维)施加直接且相对高强度的刺激[18] [19]。我们假设,这种强传入信号被认为能更有效地激活骶髓排尿中枢,并通过脊髓上行通路(脊髓–脑干–皮层通路)增强脑桥排尿中枢(PMC)的兴奋性[6] [18] [20]。长期治疗可能通过神经重塑(neuroplasticity)机制,强化了这一核心排尿反射弧,从而诱导了更强有力的逼尿肌收缩[18] [20] [21]

IVES在排空功能上的优势也直接体现在患者的主观感受上。本研究中,IVES组治疗后的神经源性膀胱症状评分(NBSS)显著低于SMS组。鉴于NBSS量表包含了大量关于排尿困难、排尿不尽感及生活质量的条目,IVES组评分的更大幅度降低,印证了其在解决患者核心排空障碍、改善综合生活质量方面的显著优势[2]

4.2. SMS在改善膀胱早期感觉功能上的独特价值

本研究的另一个重要发现是,SMS组在改善膀胱感觉功能方面表现出独特优势[22]。数据显示,治疗后SMS组的初尿意(FSV)值显著低于IVES组(p = 0.002)。虽然FSV的绝对下降幅度(约70 mL)在数值上并不巨大,但其统计学显著性与组间差异提示SMS在调节感觉通路方面具有特异性作用,这对于改善患者对膀胱充盈的感知、预防尿潴留相关并发症可能具有重要临床价值。SMS在改善感觉方面的优势可能归因于其无创且作用更深的物理特性[11] [23]。磁刺激利用脉冲磁场,无痛穿透皮肤、骨骼和盆底组织,直接在目标神经(即S2~S4骶神经根)上产生感应电流[11] [22]-[24]。我们推测,这种对神经根的直接调控,可能比IVES (刺激膀胱壁内的末梢神经)更容易“唤醒”或招募那些负责传递膀胱充盈感的Aδ传入纤维[24]-[27]。通过在神经主干通路上的直接调节,SMS在重建膀胱感觉输入通路方面显示出独特的潜力[2] [12] [24] [26] [27]

4.3. 临床意义、安全性考量及研究局限性

本研究为临床决策提供了清晰的思路:对于以排空障碍为主要矛盾、迫切希望减少导尿或恢复自主排尿的患者,IVES应作为首选方案;而对于以膀胱感觉缺失为主要表现、或因高感染风险、操作不便而不适宜有创治疗的患者,SMS则是更优越、更安全的选择。

安全性方面,IVES作为一种有创操作,需要反复置入导尿管,这无疑增加了泌尿系感染(UTI)的风险。本研究中IVES组即有2例患者因UTI脱落,这一比例在临床上需要高度警惕。相比之下,SMS完全无创,患者耐受性极佳,无UTI风险,依从性更高。

本研究亦存在局限性:首先,本研究的样本量较小(n = 36),结论的外推性受到一定限制[28]。其次,4周的治疗和随访时间较短,未能评估两种疗法的远期疗效和效应的持续时间[29]。最后,本研究未对不同病因(如完全性脊髓损伤、不完全性脊髓损伤、糖尿病性神经源性膀胱等)的NDU患者进行亚组分析[30]。未来的研究应扩大样本量,延长随访周期,并探索是否存在优势人群。基于上述局限性,我们建议未来开展一项样本量更大(如每组 ≥ 50例)、随访周期更长(如治疗后6个月及1年)的多中心随机对照试验,以验证本研究的初步发现,并评估疗效的持久性。同时,应在研究设计阶段预先设定根据不同病因、损伤程度等因素进行亚组分析的计划,以明确是否存在优势人群,进一步推动个体化治疗策略的制定。

5. 结论

IVES和SMS均可显著改善神经源性膀胱活动低下患者的膀胱功能。在疗效对比上,IVES显示出在减少导尿依赖和降低整体症状负荷方面显著优于SMS。然而,SMS表现出在改善膀胱早期感觉功能方面更具优势,且具有无创、耐受性好的特点。临床实践中,对于以排空障碍为主要表现、迫切希望减少导尿的患者,IVES可能是更优的选择(需注意UTI风险);而对于以膀胱感觉缺失为主要困扰,或有创操作禁忌的患者,SMS是更安全有效的选择。

基金项目

国产自主创新神经刺激系统治疗老年尿便失禁技术标准的完善与规范(2023YFC3606003)。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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