单侧弯角椎体成形术治疗2种特殊类型的骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的疗效分析
Analysis of the Therapeutic Effect of Unilateral Pedicle Approach Vertebroplasty in the Treatment of Two Special Types of Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.15123477, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 纪奕全, 徐泽华:浙江中医药大学嘉兴大学联培基地,浙江 嘉兴;马哲玮, 陈 宝*:嘉兴学院附属第二医院骨科,浙江 嘉兴
关键词: 骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折弯角椎体成形术经皮椎体成形术骨水泥Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture Percutaneous Curved Vertebroplasty Percutaneous Vertebroplasty Bone Cement
摘要: 目的:探讨单侧弯角椎体成形术(Percutaneous curved vertebroplasty, PCVP)和双侧椎体成形术(Percutaneous vertebroplasty, PVP)治疗椎弓根内倾不足与椎弓根细小的骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折(Osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture, OVCF)的疗效比较。方法:采用回顾性病例对照研究分析2016年3月~2018年6月嘉兴市第二医院骨科收治的62例骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折患者的临床资料,其中男21例,女41例;年龄65~86 [(75.10 ± 5.56)岁]。骨折节段:T10 4椎,T11 8椎,T12 10椎,L1 10椎,L2 9椎,L3 9椎,L4 7椎,L5 5椎。先根据椎弓根形态分为椎弓根内倾不足(26例,共26个椎体)、椎弓根细小(36例,共36个椎体)两种特殊类型,再根据手术方式不同分为PCVP组(PCVP组中其中10例为椎弓根内倾不足病例。12例为椎弓根细小病例)和PVP组(PVP组中其中16例椎弓根内倾不足病例,24例椎弓根细小病例),分别比较两组手术时间、骨水泥注入量、术中出血量、骨水泥渗漏等相关并发症、术前和术后1周及术后1年视觉模拟评分(Visual analogue scale, VAS)、手术前和术后1周及术后1年Oswestry功能残障指数(Oswestry disability index, ODI)。术后两组椎体应用CT平扫评估骨水泥在伤椎椎体内部分布情况。结果:患者均获随访12~48个月[(18.55 ± 6.70)个月]。椎弓根内倾不足:PCVP组手术时间(26.70 ± 2.26) min、PVP组手术时间(36.81 ± 2.66) min (P < 0.01),PCVP组术中出血量为(9.50 ± 1.43) ml、PVP组术中出血量为(18.63 ± 2.36) ml (P < 0.01),PCVP组骨水泥注射量为(3.85 ± 0.21) ml、PVP组骨水泥注射量为(3.83 ± 0.35) ml (P > 0.05);椎弓根细小:PCVP组手术时间(25.83 ± 2.17) min、PVP组手术时间(38.04 ± 5.02) min (P < 0.01),PCVP组术中出血量为(11.58 ± 2.84) ml、PVP组术中出血量为(17.17 ± 2.87) ml (P < 0.01),PCVP组骨水泥注射量为(3.62 ± 0.38) ml、PVP组骨水泥注射量为(3.83 ± 0.45) ml (P > 0.05)。PCVP组术前、术后1周及术后1年的VAS分别为(6.82 ± 0.91)分、(2.32 ± 0.57)分、(1.59 ± 0.67)分;PVP组术前、术后1周及术后1年的VAS分别为(7.10 ± 0.98)分、(2.40 ± 0.74)分、(1.65 ± 0.74)分。两组术后VAS均较术前明显降低(P < 0.01),术后两组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。PCVP组术前、术后1周及术后1年ODI分别为70.27 ± 7.43、22.00 ± 4.83、19.59 ± 2.63,PVP组手术前、术后1周及术后1年ODI分别为70.78 ± 4.88、20.78 ± 3.30、19.28 ± 4.56,两组术后1年ODI均较术前明显降低(P < 0.01),术后两组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。PCVP组术后复查CT发现骨水泥分布均超过椎体中线,骨水泥渗漏率为4.55%。PVP组术后复查CT发现骨水泥有3例弥散超过椎体中线,其余均分布椎体两侧,骨水泥渗漏率为30.00%。两组骨水泥渗漏率,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);两组发生渗漏患者均无明显不适。PVP组穿刺并发症出现2例穿刺入椎管和3例穿刺致椎弓根外壁破裂(P < 0.05),但患者均无明显不适。结论:PCVP治疗OVCF具有手术时间短、出血量少、渗漏率低、更优的骨水泥分布等优点,且对椎弓根内倾不足、椎弓根细小两种特殊类型的患者具有更好的适应症,值得一定程度地选择应用和推广。
Abstract: Objective: To compare the efficacy of unilateral Percutaneous Curved Vertebroplasty (PCVP) and bilateral Percutaneous Vertebroplasty (PVP) in treating Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures (OVCF) with insufficient pedicle inclination or narrow pedicles. Methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted on 62 OVCF patients admitted to the Department of Orthopedics, Jiaxing Second Hospital from March 2016 to June 2018, including 21 males and 41 females, aged 65-86 years (mean 75.10 ± 5.56). Fractured vertebrae: T10 (4), T11 (8), T12 (10), L1 (10), L2 (9), L3 (9), L4 (7), L5 (5). Patients were first categorized based on pedicle morphology into two special types: insufficient pedicle inclination (26 patients, 26 vertebrae) and narrow pedicles (36 patients, 36 vertebrae). They were then divided into the PCVP group (In the PCVP group, 10 cases had insufficient pedicle inclination, and 12 cases had narrow pedicles.) and the PVP group (Among the PVP group, there were 16 cases of insufficient pedicle inclination and 24 cases of small pedicles.) according to the surgical procedure. Operative time, bone cement volume, intraoperative blood loss, bone cement leakage and other related complications, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores preoperatively, at 1 week postoperatively, and at 1 year postoperatively, and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores preoperatively, at 1 week postoperatively, and at 1 year postoperatively were compared between the two groups. Postoperative CT scans were used to assess the distribution of bone cement within the fractured vertebrae. Results: All patients were followed up for 12-48 months (mean 18.55 ± 6.70 months). Insufficient Pedicle Inclination subgroup: Operative time was significantly shorter in the PCVP group (26.70 ± 2.26 min) than in the PVP group (36.81 ± 2.66 min) (P < 0.01). Intraoperative blood loss was significantly less in the PCVP group (9.50 ± 1.43 ml) than in the PVP group (18.63 ± 2.36 ml) (P < 0.01). Bone cement volume showed no significant difference between the PCVP group (3.85 ± 0.21 ml) and the PVP group (3.83 ± 0.35 ml) (P > 0.05). Narrow Pedicles subgroup: Operative time was significantly shorter in the PCVP group (25.83 ± 2.17 min) than in the PVP group (38.04 ± 5.02 min) (P < 0.01). Intraoperative blood loss was significantly less in the PCVP group (11.58 ± 2.84 ml) than in the PVP group (17.17 ± 2.87 ml) (P < 0.01). Bone cement volume showed no significant difference between the PCVP group (3.62 ± 0.38 ml) and the PVP group (3.83 ± 0.45 ml) (P > 0.05). VAS scores in the PCVP group were 6.82 ± 0.91 preoperatively, 2.32 ± 0.57 at 1 week postoperatively, and 1.59 ± 0.67 at 1 year postoperatively. VAS scores in the PVP group were 7.10 ± 0.98 preoperatively, 2.40 ± 0.74 at 1 week postoperatively, and 1.65 ± 0.74 at 1 year postoperatively. VAS scores decreased significantly postoperatively in both groups (P < 0.01), but no significant differences were found between the two groups at any postoperative time point (P > 0.05). ODI scores in the PCVP group were 70.27 ± 7.43 preoperatively, 22.00 ± 4.83 at 1 week postoperatively, and 19.59 ± 2.63 at 1 year postoperatively. ODI scores in the PVP group were 70.78 ± 4.88 preoperatively, 20.78 ± 3.30 at 1 week postoperatively, and 19.28 ± 4.56 at 1 year postoperatively. ODI scores at 1 year postoperatively decreased significantly compared to preoperatively in both groups (P < 0.01), but no significant differences were found between the two groups at any postoperative time point (P > 0.05). Postoperative CT in the PCVP group showed bone cement distribution exceeding the vertebral midline in all cases, with a cement leakage rate of 4.55%. In the PVP group, postoperative CT showed bone cement distribution exceeding the midline in only 3 cases, with the rest distributed bilaterally; the cement leakage rate was 30.00%. The difference in cement leakage rates between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). None of the patients with cement leakage experienced significant symptoms. The PVP group had 2 cases of needle misplacement into the spinal canal and 3 cases of pedicle wall breach during puncture (P < 0.05), but none of these patients experienced significant symptoms. Conclusion: PCVP for OVCF offers advantages including shorter operative time, less blood loss, lower cement leakage rate, and superior bone cement distribution. It demonstrates better applicability for the two special types of patients with insufficient pedicle inclination or narrow pedicles, and is worthy of selective application and promotion to a certain extent.
文章引用:纪奕全, 马哲玮, 徐泽华, 陈宝. 单侧弯角椎体成形术治疗2种特殊类型的骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的疗效分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(12): 837-846. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.15123477

1. 引言

随着社会老龄化的发展和老龄人口数量的不断增加,OVCF患者在临床上越来越常见[1] [2]。微创经皮椎体成形术(PVP)具有手术创伤小、止痛效果好、快速康复等优势,是此类患者手术治疗的最常用选择方式之一。PVP手术的临床疗效与骨水泥在椎体的弥散效果相关,单侧PVP骨水泥容易仅分布椎体一侧[3]。双侧PVP会增加手术创伤和手术时间[4]。单侧弯角椎体成形术(PCVP)可以通过单侧入路很容易到达对侧半椎体,实现椎体内骨水泥的均匀弥散[3] [4],不增加创伤。但是既往文献均未研究单侧弯角椎体成形术(PCVP)针对伤椎椎弓根内倾不足或椎弓根细小[5]患者的临床疗效。笔者采用回顾性病例对照研究分析2016年3月~2018年6月嘉兴市第二医院骨科收治的62例骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折患者的临床资料,比较应用改良椎体成形器械进行的单侧弯角椎体成形术(PCVP)和传统器械进行的双侧椎体成形术(PVP)两种手术方式治疗椎弓根内倾不足、椎弓根细小的OVCF的疗效。

2. 临床资料与方法

2.1. 一般资料

根据以往对胸腰椎蒂正常值的测量,大多数胸腰椎蒂最窄区域的直径一般大于7.5 mm。因此,在本研究中,如果在横断面计算机断层扫描(CT)上测量到椎弓根最窄区域的宽度 ≤ 6 mm,则定义为狭窄椎弓根[5] [6]。有研究指出种族腰椎椎弓根形态学内倾角略有不同,同一种族椎体节段不同椎弓根内倾角也有所差异,本研究以亚洲人为例,腰1内倾角平均为:16.11˚ ± 1.82˚腰2内倾角平均为:17.83˚ ± 1.89˚腰3内倾角平均为:18.74˚ ± 2.25˚腰4内倾角平均为:20.12˚ ± 2.94˚腰5内倾角平均为:23.64˚ ± 2.71˚ [7]。在本研究中,如果在横断面计算机断层扫描(CT)上测量到椎体椎弓根内倾角 < 平均值3°,则定义为椎弓根内倾不足。纳入标准:(1) 影像学上提示伤椎椎弓根内倾不足(椎弓根内倾角度小于正常内倾角度) (见图1左侧)或椎弓根细小(椎弓根宽度 < 5 mm) (见图1右侧) (2) 患者主诉为腰背部疼痛,且专科查体与影像学诊断结果一致;(3) X线片、CT和MR检查明确为新鲜OVCF。(4) 腰椎骨密度仪显示T值 < −2.5。排除标准:(1) 伴双下肢及马尾神经症状或椎体不稳;(2) CT显示骨折累及椎体后壁;(3) 陈旧性骨折;(4) 肿瘤等病理性骨折;(5) 全身或局部软组织感染、椎体感染性疾病;(6) 难以纠正的凝血功能障碍。

共纳入了OVCF患者62例,其中男21例,女41例;年龄65~86 [(75.10 ± 5.56)岁]。致伤原因:跌伤35例,扭伤22例,无外伤5例。损伤节段:T10 4椎,T11 8椎,T12 10椎,L1 10椎,L2 9椎,L3 9椎,L4 7椎,L5 5椎。椎弓根内倾不足的患者26例,其中10例行PCVP,16例行双侧PVP;椎弓根细小的患者36例,其中12例行PCVP,24例行双侧PVP。两组患者一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性(表1)。患者均签署知情同意书。本研究获嘉兴市第二医院医学伦理委会会批准(jxey-2017036)。

Figure 1. Insufficient inclination of pedicle and small vertebral body with thin pedicle

1. 椎弓根内倾不足、椎弓根细小椎体

2.2. 手术方法

PCVP组:患者在俯卧位下体位复位后,常规消毒铺单,1%利多卡因局部浸润麻醉用。在C臂机监测下,采用左侧或右侧椎弓根入路,穿刺针进针点(图2(A))位于目标椎弓根投影外上方(左侧10点,右侧2点)。当穿刺针的针尖在C臂机正侧位片上分别抵达椎弓根内缘与椎体后1/3时(图2(B)图2(C)),取出穿刺针芯(图2(D))。将弯角骨水泥输送导管置入至对侧椎体(图2(E)~(G)),取出导管内芯(图2(H))。将处于拉丝期的骨水泥推注套管头端与穿刺套管尾端连接,X线透视监测下逐步推注骨水泥,当骨水泥弥散至椎体终板、前壁、接近椎体后壁时,以无明显骨水泥渗漏为前提,停止注射(图2(I)~(K))。骨水泥注入开始和结束时的骨水泥套管刻度值作差并记录,待骨水泥固化,拔出工作套管(图2(L))。PVP组:体位复位和消毒铺巾后,取双侧椎弓根的体表投影外上象限为穿刺进针点,1%利多卡因针局部浸润麻醉使用。穿刺套管在透视下针经椎弓根刺入椎体,尖端至椎体内骨折裂隙停止进针,拔出穿刺针芯,将拉丝期的骨水泥经双侧穿刺套管注入,骨水泥注入停止标准同PCVP组,记录骨水泥注入量。

PVP组:体位复位和消毒铺巾后,取双侧椎弓根的体表投影外上象限为穿刺进针点,1%利多卡因针局部浸润麻醉使用。穿刺套管在透视下针经椎弓根刺入椎体,尖端至椎体内骨折裂隙停止进针,拔出穿刺针芯,将拉丝期的骨水泥经双侧穿刺套管注入,骨水泥注入停止标准同PCVP组,记录骨水泥注入量。

Figure 2. C-arm fluoroscopy during unilateral kyphoplasty

2. 单侧弯角椎体成形术中C臂机监视情况

2.3. 术后处理

术后第一天复查伤椎X线片和CT,根据结果评估骨水泥分布情况。术后第二天佩戴腰围下地行走,并予以卧床休息,镇痛药,钙补充剂等相关治疗。

2.4. 评价方法

比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、骨水泥注射量、术前和术后1周及术后1年视觉模拟评分(VAS)、术前和术后1周及术后1年Oswestry功能残障指数(ODI);根据术后伤椎的CT扫描结果评估骨水泥在椎体内的弥散分布及渗漏情况。

2.5. 统计分析

统计学分析采用SPSS 25.0软件,符合正态分布的计量资料以Mean ± SD表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验。计数资料以百分率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法检验。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

患者均获随访12~48个月[(18.55 ± 6.70)个月]。椎弓根内倾不足:两组的骨水泥注射量差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。PCVP组的手术时间、术中出血量均明显少于PVP组,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05);椎弓根细小:两组的骨水泥注射量差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05),PCVP组的手术时间、术中出血量均明显少于PVP组,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05) (见表2)。

PCVP组骨水泥渗漏共发生1例,渗漏至椎间盘,总体渗漏率为4.55% (1/22),但患者均无临床症状。PVP组骨水泥渗漏共发生12例,其中5例渗漏至椎旁软组织,5例渗漏至椎旁静脉,1渗漏至椎体前侧方,1例渗漏至穿刺针道,总体渗漏率为30% (12/40),但患者均无临床症状。两组骨水泥渗漏率差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05) (表3)。两组患者在术前和术后1周及术后1年VAS、术前和术后1周及术后1年ODI比较差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05) (表3)。PCVP组椎体内骨水泥弥散均到达对侧,其中超过对侧椎体体积的3/4有17个椎体;超过对侧椎体体积的1/2,但不超过3/4的有5个椎体。PVP组术后复查CT发现骨水泥有3例弥散超过椎体中线,其余均分布椎体两侧。PVP组穿刺并发症出现2例穿刺入椎管和3例椎弓根外壁破裂,但患者均无临床症状(P < 0.05)。

Table 1. Comparison of general data of two groups of OVCF patients (Mean ± SD)

1. 两组OVCF患者一般资料的比较(Mean ± SD)

组别

例数

性别

年龄

(岁)

骨密度

T值(SD)

致伤原因(例)

骨折节段(例)

受伤至手术时间(d)

摔伤

扭伤

无外力

T10

T11

T12

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

PCVP组

22

7

15

74.18 ± 6.00

3.39 ± 0.21

12

7

2

1

4

4

6

3

4

2

2

8.55 ± 1.60

PVP组

40

14

26

75.60 ± 5.30

3.47 ± 0.38

23

15

3

3

4

6

4

6

5

5

3

8.35 ± 2.39

t/χ2

χ2 = 0.064

t = −0.962

t = −0.895

t = −0.343

P值

>0.05

>0.05

>0.05

>0.05

>0.05

>0.05

注:OVCF为骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折;PCVP组为采用单侧弯角椎体成形术的组,PVP组为采用双侧椎体成形术的组。

Table 2. Comparison of surgical-related data between the two groups of OVCF patients (Mean ± SD)

2. 两组OVCF患者手术相关数据的比较(Mean ± SD)

椎弓根类型

组别

例数

手术时间(min)

出血量(ml)

骨水泥量(ml)

椎弓根内倾不足

PCVP组

10

26.70 ± 2.26

9.50 ± 1.43

3.85 ± 0.21

PVP组

16

36.81 ± 2.66

18.63 ± 2.36

3.83 ± 0.35

t值

−9.951

−10.967

0.151

P

<0.05

<0.05

>0.05

椎弓根细小

PCVP组

12

25.83 ± 2.17

11.58 ± 2.84

3.62 ± 0.38

PVP组

24

38.04 ± 5.02

17.17 ± 2.87

3.83 ± 0.45

t值

−8.018

−5.520

−1.384

P

<0.05

<0.05

>0.05

注:OVCF为骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折;PCVP组为采用单侧弯角椎体成形术的组,PVP组为采用双侧椎体成形术的组。

Table 3. Comparison of VAS and ODI before and after surgery in the two groups of OVCF patients (Mean ± SD)

3. 两组OVCF患者手术前后VAS、ODI比较(Mean ± SD)

组别

例数

骨水泥渗漏率[例(%)]

VAS (分)

ODI (%)

术前

术后1周

术后1年

术前

术后1周

术后1年

PCVP组

22

1 (4.55)

6.82 ± 0.91

2.32 ± 0.57

1.59 ± 0.67

70.27 ± 7.42

22.00 ± 4.83

19.59 ± 2.63

PVP组

40

12 (30.00)

7.10 ± 0.98

2.40 ± 0.74

1.65 ± 0.74

70.78 ± 4.88

20.78 ± 3.30

19.28 ± 4.58

t/χ2

4.120

t = −1.110

t = −0.448

t = −0.313

t = −0.321

t = 1.182

t = 0.298

P值

<0.05

>0.05

>0.05

>0.05

>0.05

>0.05

>0.05

注:OVCF为骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折;PCVP组为采用单侧弯角椎体成形术的组,PVP组为采用双侧椎体成形术的组;VAS为视觉模拟评分,ODI为Oswestry功能残障指数。

Figure 3. PCVP delivery catheter

3. PCVP输送导管

Figure 4. PCVP enables point-to-surface injection with multiple points of low-pressure application, allowing for real-time observation and control of the bone cement dispersion range, thereby reducing bone cement leakage

4. PCVP可以实现以点到面,分点低压注射,随时观察和控制骨水泥弥散范围,从而减少骨水泥渗漏

(A)、(B)、(C). 术前MRI提示腰2椎体压缩性骨折;(D). 腰2椎体横断面显示椎弓根内倾不足且椎弓根细小;(E)、(F)、(G). PCVP术后腰椎正、侧位片及横断面显示椎体骨水泥弥散充分均匀;(H). PCVP术后4年,复查横断面示椎体骨水泥弥散充分均匀,疗效稳定。注:PCVP为单侧弯角椎体成形术。

Figure 5. Imaging data of the single-sided angulated vertebroplasty for compression fractures of the lumbar 2 vertebra before and after the procedure

5. 腰2椎体压缩性骨折单侧弯角椎体成形术前后的影像学资料

Figure 6. Bilateral puncture PVP: When the inclination of the pedicle is insufficient or the pedicle is too thin, complications such as the puncture needle entering the spinal canal and the rupture of the outer wall of the pedicle may occur

6. 双侧穿刺PVP:椎弓根内倾不足或椎弓根细小时,可出现穿刺针进入椎管和穿刺致椎弓根外壁破裂的并发症

4. 讨论

椎体成形术是临床上治疗OVCF最常见、有效、安全的手术方式之一[8],通常采用单侧或双侧椎弓根入路。常规单侧椎弓根入路,减少了术中操作时长、辐射暴露时长[9]-[11]。但存在较高椎体内骨水泥不对称分布的风险从而使椎体两侧强度不对称,从而导致椎体非穿刺侧的塌陷、骨折,甚至造成脊柱侧弯[12]。PVP双侧椎弓根入路[13]具有充填材料对称分布使椎体生物力学稳定性较好的优势,降低了单侧穿刺为达到双侧骨水泥弥散而导致骨水泥渗漏的发生率,但双侧穿刺增加了手术创伤和操作时间以及手术出血量[4]

本研究中PCVP借助特制的超强回弹镍钛合金的弯角器械(图3),以点到面,分点低压注射,随时观察和控制骨水泥弥散范围,在减少骨水泥渗漏的同时,实现单侧穿刺完成双侧骨水泥注入弥散(图4),降低了手术创伤和操作时间,又达到了双侧穿刺椎体成形术的效果。本研究结果显示PCVP组平均手术时间、平均出血量明显少于PVP组。

PCVP通过标准的单椎弓根入路使用弯曲椎弓根套管,可以很轻松地到达对侧半椎体,通过以点到面,分点低压注射[4],随时观察和控制骨水泥弥散范围,达到椎体内骨水泥的均匀分布的目标[14],从而减少骨水泥渗漏。实现仅由单侧椎弓根入路即可达到双侧椎体内骨水泥均匀弥散分布的目标[15] [16]

PCVP相较双侧PVP,骨水泥分布更加均匀,从一侧椎体逐步弥散跨越椎体矢状中线至另一侧,连续弥散分布更好,分布范围广,因此骨水泥的渗漏率会下降,使手术更安全[17] [18]。同时PCVP减少了穿刺带来的创伤,缩短了术者操作时间,同时减少辐射暴露的时间[19] [20]

而笔者认为在以下两种情况下PCVP相对于PVP单侧或双侧入路具有显著优势,更值得被推崇。

4.1. PCVP对椎弓根细小病例的优势

当椎弓根过于细小的椎体(图5)出现骨折时,椎弓根甚至小于穿刺针套管粗细的情况时,经双侧椎弓根入路穿刺将显著增加穿刺置管难度和操作风险[5],而单侧穿刺置管PVP难以实现穿刺对侧椎体骨水泥的强化。这种情况下,双侧穿刺置管PVP需要耗费更多的时间去调整穿刺点和穿刺角度,不仅增加了手术时间,同时也增加了穿刺针刺破椎弓根内壁进入椎管损伤脊髓和神经根的风险。PVP组发生2例穿刺入椎管和3例穿刺致椎弓根外壁破裂,均存在穿刺椎弓根细小情况(图6),而PCVP组未出现穿刺并发症,说明PCVP在处理细小的椎弓根时安全性更高。本研究中PVP组平均手术时间为(36.85 ± 2.90) min,但在椎弓根内倾不足或椎弓根细小的病例手术操作时间明显延长,可达到58 min,对术者操作和患者体验影响巨大。而PCVP可以选择椎弓根相对较粗一侧的椎弓根入路或者采用椎弓根外入路降低穿刺难度,从而提高穿刺的安全性和加快手术时间,从而提高患者体验。同时,PCVP的单侧穿刺操作具有额外优势,当一侧穿刺置管操作不成功,仍可以从另一侧完成操作,增加了手术成功率。

4.2. PCVP对椎弓根内倾不足病例的优势

PVP的临床疗效主要取决于骨水泥的弥散分布情况和生物力学稳定性,椎体内部均匀弥散分布并呈现连续性分布可以提供最优的生物力学稳定性。为实现这一目标,双侧穿刺PVP时需要适当增加内倾角度以使骨水泥越过中线到达对侧完成椎体两侧骨水泥的连续性分布[14]。当椎弓根内倾不足时(图6(A)),常规椎弓根内穿刺角度可导致穿刺针穿透椎弓根的内壁进入椎管,增加了脊髓神经根损伤以及骨水泥椎管内渗漏的风险[21]。PCVP手术因具有超强回弹镍钛合金弯角装置的骨水泥注入器的使用,穿刺时不需过度内倾,只需垂直或稍内倾,通过椎弓根轴心进针完成穿刺通道建立。同时,PCVP单侧穿刺减小创伤的同时,简化了操作,提高了穿刺的安全性。

4.3. 研究局限性与影像学优势与临床结果不一致的探讨

尽管本研究结果显示PCVP在手术时间、出血量、骨水泥分布及渗漏率等方面优于传统PVP,且在椎弓根内倾不足和椎弓根细小等特殊类型中表现出更好的适应性与安全性,但我们仍需客观认识到本研究的局限性。首先,本研究为回顾性设计,样本量相对有限,尤其是PCVP组病例数较少,可能影响结果的统计效能和代表性。其次,尽管我们尽量匹配两组患者的基本资料,但仍可能存在未控制的混杂因素,如骨质疏松程度、骨折形态、患者功能基线等未完全均衡。此外,随访时间虽长达1年以上,但对于骨水泥长期稳定性、邻椎骨折发生率等远期结局的评估尚不充分。值得注意的是,尽管PCVP在影像学上显示出更优的骨水泥分布和更低的渗漏率,但在VAS和ODI评分方面,两组术后并无显著差异。这一现象可能源于以下几方面原因:疼痛缓解的“天花板效应”:两种术式均能有效恢复椎体稳定性并缓解疼痛,术后疼痛评分均显著下降,可能已达到患者感知的“最低疼痛平台”,使得细微差异难以在VAS或ODI中体现。功能评估工具的敏感性不足:VAS和ODI作为主观功能评价工具,可能无法完全捕捉到骨水泥分布差异所对应的生物力学优势,尤其是在中远期功能恢复方面。样本量与随访时间限制:较小的样本量可能掩盖了组间在功能恢复速度、并发症发生率等方面的潜在差异。此外,骨水泥分布优势可能在更长期的随访中才转化为临床差异,如降低邻椎骨折或椎体再塌陷风险。

综上所述,PCVP治疗OVCF具有手术时间短、出血量少、渗漏率低、更优的骨水泥分布等优点,且对伤椎椎弓根内倾不足或椎弓根细小的患者具有更好的适应症,值得一定程度地选择应用和推广。

利益冲突

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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