2型糖尿病患者内脏脂肪指数(VAI)的性别差异
Gender Differences in Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
DOI: 10.12677/md.2025.156079, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 张 瑜*, 刘 卉:西安医学院第一附属医院血液科,陕西 西安;西安医学院第一附属医院内分泌代谢科,陕西 西安;李 亚, 周昕睿:西安医学院第一附属医院内分泌代谢科,陕西 西安
关键词: 内脏脂肪指数糖尿病周围神经病变糖尿病视网膜病变糖尿病肾病Visceral Adiposity Index Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Diabetic Retinopathy Diabetic Kidney Disease
摘要: 目的:分析不同组别2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者内脏脂肪指数的差异,进一步阐明临床T2DM及合并靶器官损害的高危因素,为早期预防器官损害提供一定理论依据。方法:选取美国国家健康与营养调查(NHANSE)数据库2005~2020年所以符合条件的参与者纳入本研究,分别计算男女VAI。将VAI采用三分位法分为高VAI组、中VAI组、低VAI组,T2DM患者分为糖尿病周围神经病(DPN)、糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)、糖尿病肾病(DN)。采用SPSS26.0进行统计学分析,符合正态分布计量资料组间比较采用单因素方差分析,不符合正态分布的计量资料及计数资料组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验。采用多元logistic回归分析法,计算各靶器官损害发生风险OR值及95%CI,评估VAI与2型糖尿病靶器官损害的关系。结果:本研究共纳入1338例符合纳入与排除标准的2型糖尿病患者,其中男性764例(57%),女性574例(43%)。女性患者糖化血红蛋白、VAI、BMI均高于男性(均P < 0.05),年龄、教育水平、婚姻状况、舒张压、饮酒、糖尿病肾病患病率均低于男性患者(均P < 0.05)。在男性中,低VAI组(VAI ≤ 1.370) 255例;中VAI组(1.370 < VAI ≤ 2.561) 255例;高VAI组(VAI > 2.561) 254例。组间Kruskal-Wallis H检验显示,3组患者T2DM糖尿病周围神经病变(P = 0.997)、糖尿病视网膜病变(P = 0.49)、糖尿病肾病(P = 0.052)检出率无差异。在女性中,低VAI组(VAI ≤ 1.831) 192例;中VAI组(1.831 < VAI ≤ 3.046)191例;高VAI组(VAI > 3.046)191例。组间Kruskal-Wallis H检验显示,3组患者2型糖尿病周围神经病变(P = 0.022)、糖尿病肾病(P = 0.002)检出率存在差异,糖尿病视网膜病变(P = 0.868)检出率无差异。进一步两两比较,高VAI组2型糖尿病周围神经病变(P = 0.022)与低VAI组检出率存在差异。中VAI组及低VAI组之间各数据无差异。高VAI组糖尿病肾病(P = 0.002)与中VAI组、低VAI组检出率存在差异。女性中,以低VAI组为参照,logistic回归分析显示,高VAI是患者发生糖尿病周围神经病变(OR = 1.870, 95%CI = 0.965 − 1.180, P = 0008)、糖尿病肾病(OR = 1.951, 95%CI = 1.258 − 3.028, P = 0.003)的危险因素。结论:女性患者中,高水平的VAI指数与2型糖尿病患者周围神经病及糖尿病肾病发病率呈正相关。高水平的VAI指数是女性患者发生糖尿病周围神经病变及糖尿病肾病的关联因素。评估和管理VAI有助于筛查和防止2型糖尿病女患者的靶器官损伤。
Abstract: Objective: To analyze the differences in the Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) among different groups of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and to further elucidate the high-risk factors for clinical T2DM and associated target organ damage, providing a theoretical basis for the early prevention of organ damage. Methods: Eligible participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database (2005~2020) were included in this study. VAI was calculated separately for males and females. Participants were divided into high, medium, and low VAI groups using the tertile method. T2DM patients were categorized based on the presence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0. One-way ANOVA was used for normally distributed continuous data, and the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for non-normally distributed continuous data and categorical data comparisons between groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the risk of each target organ damage, assessing the relationship between VAI and target organ damage in T2DM. Results: A total of 1,338 T2DM patients meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled, comprising 764 males (57%) and 574 females (43%). Female patients had higher levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), VAI, and BMI than males (all P < 0.05), while age, education level, marital status, diastolic blood pressure, alcohol consumption, and prevalence of DKD were lower than in male patients (all P < 0.05). In males: The low VAI group (VAI ≤ 1.370) had 255 cases; the medium VAI group (1.370 < VAI ≤ 2.561) had 255 cases; the high VAI group (VAI > 2.561) had 254 cases. The Kruskal-Wallis H test showed no significant differences in the detection rates of DPN (P = 0.997), DR (P = 0.49), or DKD (P = 0.052) among the three groups. In females: The low VAI group (VAI ≤ 1.831) had 192 cases; the medium VAI group (1.831 < VAI ≤ 3.046) had 191 cases; the high VAI group (VAI > 3.046) had 191 cases. The Kruskal-Wallis H test showed significant differences in the detection rates of DPN (P = 0.022) and DKD (P = 0.002) among the three groups, but no difference for DR (P = 0.868). Further pairwise comparisons revealed that the high VAI group had a significantly different detection rate for DPN compared to the low VAI group (P = 0.022). The high VAI group had a significantly different detection rate for DKD compared to both the medium and low VAI groups (P = 0.002). No differences were found between the medium and low VAI groups for any data. In females, using the low VAI group as reference, logistic regression analysis showed that high VAI was a risk factor for developing DPN (OR = 0.535, 95%CI = 0.337 − 0.848, P = 0.008) and DKD (OR = 1.951, 95%CI = 1.258 − 3.028, P = 0.003). Conclusion: Among female patients, a high VAI is positively correlated with the incidence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and diabetic kidney disease in T2DM patients. A high VAI is a risk factor for DPN and DKD in female patients. Assessing and managing VAI may help screen for and prevent target organ damage in female patients with T2DM.
文章引用:张瑜, 刘卉, 李亚, 周昕睿. 2型糖尿病患者内脏脂肪指数(VAI)的性别差异[J]. 医学诊断, 2025, 15(6): 586-592. https://doi.org/10.12677/md.2025.156079

1. 研究背景

国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)发布最新第11版全球糖尿病地图(IDF Diabetes Atlas),2024年全球20~79岁成人糖尿病患者达5.89亿,预计到2050年,糖尿病患者总数将攀升至8.53亿。20~79岁年龄段中,男女糖尿病患病率基本持平(女性10.9%;男性11.3%)。2型糖尿病的患病率在两性中都在增加,但在诊断为2型糖尿病时,女性似乎承受着更大的风险因素负担,尤其是肥胖[1]。肥胖是全球性的重大健康挑战,近些年,肥胖指标焦点已经不再局限于BMI,越来越多的新型肥胖指标受到关注,如三酰甘油葡萄糖(triglyceride glucose, TyG)指数、身体形态(a body shape index, ABSI)指数、身体圆度(body roundness index, BRI)指数等在心血管及代谢疾病的相关性研究,为此,本研究以2005~2020年美国国家健康与营养调查(NHANSE)数据库中数据为基础,探讨不同组别2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者内脏脂肪指数的差异,为早期预防器官损害提供一定理论依据。

2. 方法

2.1. 研究对象

首先,通过NHANSE (美国国家健康与营养调查)数据库访问(网址: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanse/)。其次,根据纳排标准筛选符合条件的参与者。在本研究中,最初纳入来自NHANSE (2005~2020)的85750名参与者的横断面数据。排除标准设定如下:(1) 年龄 < 18岁或可能患有1型糖尿病(n = 33914名);(2) 数据不完整以及已知的恶性肿瘤、肾衰竭等相关疾病病例(n = 50498名)。经过数据筛选,最终选择1338名参与者纳入分析。本方案经NCHS研究伦理审查委员会批准,所有参与者签署知情同意书。

2.2. 变量定义

T2DM的定义为(1) 空腹血糖(FPG) ≥ 7.0 mmol/L,或(2)糖化血红蛋白(GHB) ≥ 6.5%,或(3) 既往被医生诊断为糖尿病。eGFR采用慢性肾脏疾病流行病学合作组织(CKD-EPI)方程(ml/min/1.73m2)计算。ACR ≥ 30 mg/g或eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2诊断为DN。DPN、DR的评估,NHANSE通过使用问卷中的2个问题收集有关DPN、DR的诊断信息。DPN问题是“过去一年,医生检查脚是否有溃疡或刺激的次数”回答“1~104次”是有价值的。DR问题是“糖尿病影响眼睛或患有视网膜病变”回答“是”的这些参与者被认为患有DR,最终都纳入我们的研究。

2.3. VAI计算

VAI (男性) = WC (cm)/[39.68 + 1.88 × BMI (kg/m2)] × [TG (mmol/L)/(1.03 × 1.31/HDL − C(mmol/L))]

VAI (女性) = WC (cm)/[ 36.58 + 1.89 × BMI (kg/m2)] × [TG(mmol/L)/(0.81 × 1.52/HDL − C(mmol/L))]

2.4. 统计分析

将VAI采用三分位法分为高VAI组、中VAI组、低VAI组,T2DM患者分为糖尿病周围神经病(DPN)、糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)、糖尿病肾病(DN)。采用SPSS26.0进行统计学分析,符合正态分布计量资料组间比较采用单因素方差分析,不符合正态分布的计量资料及计数资料组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验。采用二元logistic回归分析法,计算各靶器官损害发生风险OR值及95%CI,评估VAI与2型糖尿病靶器官损害的关系。

3. 结果

3.1. 研究对象基线资料

1338例参与者中,男性764人(57.1%)、女性574人(42.9%)、平均年龄分别是(61.98 ± 12.82)岁、(60.44 ± 12.55)岁。女性患者糖化血红蛋白、VAI、BMI均高于男性(均P < 0.05),年龄、教育水平、婚姻状况、舒张压、饮酒、糖尿病肾病患病率均低于男性患者(均P < 0.05),见表1

Table 1. Analysis of baseline characteristics of the research subjects

1. 研究对象基线特征分析

特征

合计① (n = 1338)

男性① (n = 764)

女性① (n = 574)

t/χ2/Z值

P值

年龄/岁

61.32 ± 12.72

61.98 ± 12.82

60.44 ± 12.55

2.49

0.013

教育水平

2.40

0.016

高中及以下

728 (54.4)

394 (51.5)

334 (58.1)

大学及以上

610 (45.6)

370 (48.5)

240 (41.9)

婚姻状况

3.71

<0.01

未婚

255 (19.0)

172 (22.5)

83 (14.4)

已婚

1083 (81.0)

592 (77.5)

491 (85.6)

吸烟

1.44

0.149

211 (15.7)

130 (17.0)

81 (14.1)

1127 (84.3)

634 (83.0)

493 (85.9)

饮酒

7.01

<0.01

1023 (76.4)

638 (83.5)

385 (67.0)

315 (23.6)

126 (16.5)

189 (33.0)

空腹血糖

10.41 ± 3.43

10.37 ± 3.28

10.47 ± 3.61

0.15

0.698

糖化血红蛋白

8.08 ± 1.88

8.01 ± 1.83

8.17 ± 1.93

1.49

0.221

收缩压

132.29 ± 20.30

132.15 ± 19.32

132.49 ± 21.55

0.028

0.886

舒张压

70.95 ± 13.41

71.66 ± 14.48

70.01 ± 11.78

11.02

<0.01

VAI

2.88 ± 3.10

2.70 ± 3.32

3.12 ± 2.78

39.87

<0.01

腰围

109.50 ± 15.98

109.98 ± 15.72

108.87 ± 16.31

1.007

0.316

BMI

32.13 ± 7.15

31.29 ± 6.53

33.2 ± 7.77

21.13

<0.01

DPN

0.434

0.510

976 (72.9)

552 (72.2)

424 (73.8)

续表

362 (27.1)

212 (27.8)

150 (26.2)

DR

1.143

0.285

255 (19.0)

138 (18.0)

117 (20)

1083 (81.0)

626 (82)

457 (80)

DN

7.312

0.007

443 (33.1)

276 (36.1)

167 (29.0)

895 (66.9)

488 (63.9)

407 (71.0)

注:VAI:内脏脂肪指数;BMI:体质指数;①以人数(占比/%)或x ± s表示。

3.2. VAI与2型糖尿病靶器官损害的关联

在男性中,低VAI组(VAI ≤ 1.370)255例;中VAI (1.370 < VAI ≤ 2.561) 255例;高VAI组(VAI > 2.561) 254例。3组患者T2DM糖尿病周围神经病变(P = 0.997)、糖尿病视网膜病变(P = 0.49)、糖尿病肾病(P = 0.052)检出率无差异。在女性中,低VAI组(VAI ≤ 1.831)192例;中VAI组(1.831 < VAI ≤ 3.046) 191例;高VAI组(VAI > 3.046) 191例。3组患者2型糖尿病周围神经病变(P = 0.022)、糖尿病肾病(P = 0.002)检出率存在差异,糖尿病视网膜病变(P = 0.868)检出率无差异,见表2表3

Table 2. Comparison of detection rates of target organ damage in male patients with different VAI

2. 男性不同VAI患者靶器官损害检出率比较

指标

低VAI组② (n = 255)

中VAI组② (n = 255)

高VAI组② (n = 254)

F值

P值

糖尿病周围神经病变

184 (72.1)

184 (72.1)

184 (72.4)

0.007

0.997

糖尿病视网膜病变

50 (19.6)

48 (18.8)

40 (15.7)

1.429

0.490

糖尿病肾病

79 (30.9)

92 (36.0)

105 (41.3)

5.909

0.052

Table 3. Comparison of detection rates of target organ damage among female patients with different VAI

3. 女性不同VAI患者靶器官损害检出率比较

指标

低VAI组② (n = 192)

中VAI组② (n = 191)

高VAI组② (n = 191)

F值

P值

糖尿病周围神经病变

152 (79.1)

144 (75.3)

128 (67.0)

7.655

0.022

糖尿病视网膜病变

37 (19.2)

39 (20.4)

41 (21.4)

0.284

0.868

糖尿病肾病

47 (24.4)

46 (24.0)

74 (38.7)

12.905

0.002

注:②以人数(占比/%)表示。

3.3. 女性VAI与2型糖尿病靶器官损害的影响因素分析

以2型糖尿病靶器官损害为因变量,以VAI分组为因子。采用多元logistic回归分析,结果显示女性中,以低VAI组为参照,高VAI是患者发生糖尿病周围神经病变(OR = 1.870, 95%CI = 0.965 − 1.180, P = 0008)、糖尿病肾病(OR = 1.951, 95%CI = 1.258 − 3.028, P = 0.003)的关联因素,见表4表5

Table 4. Analysis of VAI in females and diabetic peripheral neuropathy

4. 女性VAI与糖尿病周围神经病变分析

指标

b

Sb

WaldX2

P

OR

95%CI

下限

上限

低VAI组–中VAI组

0.411

0.228

3.251

0.071

1.508

0.965

2.357

低VAI组–高VAI组

0.626

0.235

7.093

0.008

1.870

1.180

2.965

Table 5. Analysis of VAI in women and diabetic nephropathy

5. 女性VAI与糖尿病肾病分析

指标

b

Sb

WaldX2

P

OR

95%CI

下限

上限

低VAI组–中VAI组

0.668

0.224

8.896

0.003

1.951

1.258

3.028

低VAI组–高VAI组

0.690

0.225

9.391

0.002

1.994

1.282

3.1

4. 讨论

新型肥胖相关指数已经作为预测糖尿病风险的重要工具,虽然既往有研究发现VAI指数在不同年龄及性别上有差异,但都基于2型糖尿病或合并其他疾病,忽视了糖尿病靶器官损害及性别差异的细分,且受限于样本量,结论的普适性不足。本研究旨在用更全面的方法分析。

一项关于与糖尿病及糖尿病前期的研究结果表明[2] [3],相比于BMI和WC,高水平的VAI与中国成年人患糖尿病的风险呈正相关。本课题组的研究发现,高水平的VAI与成年2型糖尿病患者靶器官损害的风险呈正相关,而且女性较男性发病率更多,更易发病。这就提示我们VAI不仅仅可作为预防糖尿病风险的指标,也可作为预防2型糖尿病合并靶器官损害的指标。Hameed等[4]研究了女性患者中VAI与糖化血红蛋白之间的关系发现,当VAI开始增加时,患者的血糖控制状态较差,同时存在血脂异常和TyG指数的增加。这表明VAI可以有效评估女性血糖控制状态的情况,这与我们的研究是一致的。针对中国人的体质特点,有研究者提出了中国人内脏脂肪指数(Chinese Visceral Adiposity Index, CVAI),它在VAI的基础上进一步纳入了年龄因素,并经CT值矫正,以更好地反映亚洲人群的内脏脂肪和代谢健康状况。研究发现,CVAI与冠心病发病风险显著相关,研究提出维持CVAI的正常水平可预防冠心病的发生,CVAI可为判断冠心病提供警示作用。Zhou[5]等人在中国高血压成年人中发现,VAI水平显著增高,会引起空腹血糖受损,2型糖尿病蛋白尿和慢性肾脏疾病的发生风险。高水平的VAI不仅是糖尿病的危险因素,也是非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NAFLD)的独立危险因素,研究显示[6],高VAI可预测NAFLD和NASH (非酒精性脂肪性肝炎)。高水平VAI在非代谢性疾病中仍有影响,有研究者使用大型数据库发现[7],高VAI组较低VAI组会增加患子宫癌、胆囊癌、肾癌的风险。一项关于中国中老年人认知的功能[8]的研究显示,随着时间的推移,内脏肥胖程度越高,发生认知障碍的风险越低,认知轨迹越好。也有研究发现,VAI指数水平的升高会增加阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)的进展[9]。VAI影响糖尿病及代谢疾病的机制目前尚不明确,VAI的升高与内脏脂肪功能紊乱有关,有研究指出VAI升高会增加糖基化终产物和自由基的生成[10],通过驱动慢性低度炎症和氧化应激进而影响血管功能。血管功能受损会进一步影响糖尿病并最终形成靶器官损伤。

本研究存在一定局限性。本研究属于横断面回顾性研究,无法推断VAI与2型糖尿病靶器官损害的因果。虽然尽可能多的调整相关混杂因素,但可能还有未知混杂因素无法避免。其次,由于分析的数据是从数据库中获得,因此需要临床验证。

综上,VAI是糖尿病及糖尿病靶器官损害的良好风险评估指标。VAI越大,患糖尿病靶器官损害的风险越高。因此,本研究期望为临床疾病的预防、诊断与治疗等工作提供参考依据,提升公众的健康意识。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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