三段论式溯因推理的内涵、来源和演变

The Connotation, Origin and Evolution of Syllogistic Abduction

摘要: 皮尔斯的溯因思想分为三段论式、假言式和疑问式三个阶段。三段论溯因在形式上无效，却发挥着建设性的认知功能。亚里士多德《前分析篇》中的简化法被视为溯因的基础，可两者其实根本不同：溯因的认知功能是为一个已被观察证实了的现象提供合情解释，简化法的认知功能则是在某规则的指引下将一个待证命题还原成一个更加简单或更加直接的命题，以降低证实难度。皮尔斯的三段论溯因与他后期的溯因思想常被认为存在本质差异不同，可实际上它们背后贯穿着一条连贯的思想基础。

Abstract: The evolution of Pierce’s thought on abduction is divided into three stages: syllogistic, hypothetic and interrogative. The syllogistic abduction is formally invalid, but it has a constructive cognitive function. The inverse method in Aristotle’s “reduction” is regarded as the basis of abduction, but a basic difference lies between the two: the cognitive function of abduction is to provide a plausible explanation for a phenomenon that has already been confirmed by observation. However, the cognitive function of reduction is to reduce a proposition that is to be demonstrated into a simpler or more direct proposition under the guidance of a certain rule, so as to reduce the difficulty of demonstration. Peirce’s syllogistic abduction and his later abduction are often considered to be different in essence, but in fact there is a coherent ideological foundation behind them.