马克思市民社会概念的演变逻辑

The Evolution of Marx’s Concept of Civil Society

摘要: 马克思的市民社会概念随着其批判理论特别是历史唯物主义的发展而逐渐深入和丰富，总体经历了生成、发展和成熟三个阶段。在生成阶段，马克思以批判黑格尔的法哲学视角指出市民社会以私人利益为核心并构成政治国家；在发展阶段，马克思对市民社会的分析从法哲学逐渐走向政治经济学，与此同时市民社会这一概念，其核心指向各历史阶段社会共通的物质经济基础；在成熟阶段，马克思抛弃原来含义不够明晰的市民社会概念，以唯物视角去分析成熟阶段的市民社会。

Abstract: Marx’s concept of civil society gradually deepened and enriched alongside the development of his critical theory, particularly historical materialism, progressing through three general stages: formation, development, and maturation. In the formative stage, Marx, critiquing Hegel’s philosophy of law, pointed out that civil society is centered on private interests and constitutes the political state. In the developmental stage, Marx’s analysis of civil society progressed from the philosophy of law to political economy, with the concept primarily referring to the material economic foundation common across various historical stages of society. In the mature stage, Marx moved beyond the previously ambiguous concept of civil society, employing historical materialist concepts such as productive forces and relations of production to analyze the most fully developed form of civil society—capitalist society.