电子商务平台经营者违反安全保障义务的侵权责任研究

A Study on the Tort Liability of E-Commerce Platform Operators for Breach of the Duty of Care

摘要: 随着电子商务在我国经济体系中地位的日益凸显，平台经营者的安全保障义务成为平衡消费者权益与行业发展的关键议题。《中华人民共和国电子商务法》第38条首次将安全保障义务从物理空间延伸至虚拟网络空间，但其立法表述的模糊性导致司法实践中出现适用范围重叠、责任形态认定混乱、构成要件标准缺失等问题。本文通过规范分析、实证研究及文献梳理，系统解构平台经营者安全保障义务的法理基础，明确《电子商务法》第38条两款的适用边界，即第1款调整帮助侵权且“应当知道”应解释为“有理由知道”，第2款调整共同因果关系型分别侵权且保护客体限定为生命健康权益；从过错、损害、因果关系三方面构建责任构成认定标准，并基于平台与平台内经营者的主观心态差异，将“相应的责任”类型化为按份责任、部分连带责任与连带责任。研究旨在为司法实践提供明确指引，推动电子商务领域权责体系的完善与健康发展。

Abstract: With the growing prominence of e-commerce in China’s economic system, the duty of care of platform operators has become a key issue balancing consumers’ rights and interests with industry development. Article 38 of the “Electronic Commerce Law of the People’s Republic of China” for the first time extends the duty of care from physical spaces to virtual cyberspaces. However, the ambiguity of its legislative expression has led to problems in judicial practice, such as overlapping scope of application, confused identification of liability forms, and lack of standards for constitutive elements. Through normative analysis, empirical research, and literature review, this paper systematically deconstructs the legal basis of the duty of care of platform operators, and clarifies the application boundaries of the two paragraphs of Article 38 of the “Electronic Commerce Law”. Specifically, Paragraph 1 regulates contributory infringement, and “should know” should be interpreted as “having reasonable grounds to know”; Paragraph 2 regulates separate infringement with joint causation, and its protected object is limited to personal rights to life and health. The paper constructs the identification standards for liability constitution from three aspects: fault, damage, and causation. Based on the differences in subjective intentions between platforms and internal operators, it categorizes “corresponding liability” into several liability, partial joint and several liability, and joint and several liability. The research aims to provide clear guidance for judicial practice and promote the improvement and healthy development of the rights and obligations system in the e-commerce field.