体重管理导向下中小学体育课程的教学转型研究

Research on the Teaching Transformation of Primary and Secondary School Physical Education Curriculum Oriented by Weight Management

摘要: 近年来，青少年体重异常问题高发且低龄化，已成为重要公共卫生议题。国家通过《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》《国民营养计划(2017~2030年)》及2024年“体重管理年”专项行动，明确要求将体重管理融入中小学体育课程，但现有的体育教学仍以竞技技能为主导，体重干预粗放且缺乏“认知–态度–行为”转化机制的系统研究。本研究以健康信念模型(HBM)为核心理论框架，通过文献综述梳理我国体重管理政策三阶段与中小学体育课程改革三阶段，系统分析体育课程中体重干预的影响机制——从激发行为线索、强化体重风险感知易感性，到深化肥胖后果感知严重性、推动益处认知内化，再到显化重构管理障碍、强化自我效能感。在此基础上，本研究提出五大体育教学改革路径：1) 重构教学内容，嵌入体重管理健康素养模块并实现跨学科迁移；2) 构建家庭–学校–社区协同的支持性环境；3) 依托多维指标开展个体化精准干预；4) 推动体育教师向“健康赋能型”身份重塑；5) 建立学段贯通的健康行为长效监测反馈机制。研究结果表明，中小学体育课程需以HBM为理论支撑，通过五大核心要素实现从传统技能教学向精准体重管理的转型，为课程改革提供理论依据与实践范式，最终助力青少年健康素养全面提升。

Abstract: In recent years, the high incidence and younger age trend of abnormal weight among adolescents have become a major public health issue. The state has clearly required the integration of weight management into primary and secondary school physical education curricula through policies such as the “Healthy China 2030” Planning Outline, the National Nutrition Program (2017~2030), and the 2024 “Weight Management Year” special campaign. However, the existing physical education teaching is still dominated by competitive skills, with extensive weight intervention and a lack of systematic research on the “cognition-attitude-behavior” transformation mechanism. Taking the Health Belief Model (HBM) as the core theoretical framework, this study sorts out the three stages of China’s weight management policies and the three stages of primary and secondary school physical education curriculum reform through a literature review. It systematically analyzes the influence mechanism of weight intervention in physical education curricula: from stimulating behavioral cues and strengthening the perceived susceptibility to weight-related risks, to deepening the perceived severity of obesity consequences and promoting the internalization of benefit cognition, and then to clarifying and reconstructing management barriers and enhancing self-efficacy. On this basis, the study proposes five physical education teaching reform paths: 1) Reconstructing teaching content by embedding weight management health literacy modules and realizing interdisciplinary transfer; 2) Building a supportive environment with family-school-community collaboration; 3) Conducting individualized and precise intervention based on multi-dimensional indicators; 4) Promoting the reshaping of physical education teachers into “health empowerment-oriented” roles; 5) Establishing a long-term monitoring and feedback mechanism for healthy behaviors across different school stages. The research results show that primary and secondary school physical education curricula need to take HBM as the theoretical support, and realize the transformation from traditional skill-based teaching to precise weight management through the five core elements. This provides a theoretical basis and practical paradigm for curriculum reform, and ultimately helps to comprehensively improve adolescents’ health literacy.