电商平台知识产权恶意投诉行为的规制研究

Study on the Regulation of Malicious Intellectual Property Complaint Behaviors on E-Commerce Platforms

摘要: 随着电子商务产业的迅猛发展与数字贸易的深度渗透，电商平台中滥用通知删除规则发起知识产权恶意投诉的行为愈发猖獗，已成为扰乱市场公平竞争秩序的突出症结。我国《电子商务法》第四十二条虽以立法形式确立了该规则的适用框架，但实践中暴露出显著制度缺陷：一方面，平台审查义务边界模糊，现行立法界定的“合理审查义务”缺乏具象化标准——既未区分形式审查与实质审查的适用场景，也未针对著作权、商标权等不同权利类型设定差异化尺度，致使平台陷入“审查过松担责、过严增负”的两难；另一方面，恶意认定与举证责任存在结构性失衡：“主观恶意”作为核心要件缺乏法定认定标准，且举证责任过度倾斜于被投诉人，其需同时证明“自身不侵权”与“投诉人恶意”，而关键证据多由投诉人或平台掌控，信息不对称加剧维权困境。故此，亟需对通知删除规则系统性优化，通过明确审查标准、细化恶意情形、合理分配举证责任强化事前规制效能，进而维护网络交易秩序，保障电子商务健康发展。

Abstract: With the rapid development of the e-commerce industry and the in-depth penetration of digital trade, the behavior of abusing the notice-and-take-down rule to initiate malicious intellectual property complaints on e-commerce platforms has become increasingly rampant, emerging as a prominent problem that disrupts the order of fair market competition. Although Article 42 of China’s E-Commerce Law has established the application framework of this rule in the form of legislation, significant institutional defects have been exposed in practice. On the one hand, the boundaries of platforms’ review obligations are ambiguous. The “reasonable review obligation” defined in current legislation lacks specific standards—it neither distinguishes the application scenarios of formal review and substantive review nor sets differentiated standards for different types of rights such as copyrights and trademark rights, leaving platforms in a dilemma of “being held liable for overly lax review and bearing excessive burdens due to overly strict review”. On the other hand, there is a structural imbalance between the identification of malice and the burden of proof: “subjective malice”, as a core element, lacks statutory identification standards, and the burden of proof is excessively tilted towards respondents. Respondents need to simultaneously prove “their own non-infringement” and “the complainant’s malice”, yet key evidence is mostly controlled by complainants or platforms, and information asymmetry exacerbates the difficulty of safeguarding rights. Therefore, it is urgent to systematically optimize the notice-and-take-down rule. By clarifying review standards, refining circumstances of malice, and reasonably allocating the burden of proof, the effectiveness of ex-ante regulation can be enhanced, thereby maintaining the order of online transactions and ensuring the healthy development of e-commerce.