数字资本主义时代“异化劳动”的嬗变——对《1844年经济学哲学手稿》的批判性考察

The Transformation of “Alienated Labor” in the Era of Digital Capitalism—A Critical Examination of the “Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844”

摘要: 《1844年经济学哲学手稿》(本文简称为《手稿》)是马克思早期思想体系的核心，其异化劳动理论深刻揭露了资本主义社会体系下劳动者的困境本质，为解析现代社会的异化现象提供重要理论支撑。以马克思《手稿》中的异化劳动理论为出发点，系统梳理其哲学渊源、经典阐释与现代性转型中的嬗变逻辑，聚焦数字资本主义下技术异化、消费异化、生态异化的新形态，揭示数字时代资本主义生产关系对劳动者更隐蔽的剥削本质。马克思的异化劳动理论仍然是解剖现代性矛盾的核心工具，但其实现形式已从物质生产领域渗透至人的精神、生态与技术存在维度。同时，科学技术的变革发展虽为解放劳动提供了物质基础，但在资本逻辑下却加剧了异化的复杂性。未来需要以“非异化劳动”实践探索为导向，重构劳动解放的现实路径，以解决数字资本主义背景下异化劳动的现代化问题、促进劳动解放为最终目的和根本目标。

Abstract: The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 (referred to as the “Manuscripts” in this article) is the core of Marx’s early ideological system. His theory of alienated labor profoundly exposes the essence of the predicament of workers in the capitalist social system and provides important theoretical support for analyzing the phenomenon of alienation in modern society. Starting from the theory of alienated labor in Marx’s “Manuscripts”, this paper systematically sorts out its philosophical origin, classic interpretation and the evolution logic in the transformation of modernity, focuses on the new forms of technological alienation, consumption alienation and ecological alienation under digital capitalism, and reveals the more concealed exploitative nature of capitalist production relations towards workers in the digital age. Marx’s theory of alienated labor remains the core tool for dissecting the contradictions of modernity, but its realization form has permeated from the field of material production to the dimensions of human spiritual, ecological and technological existence. Meanwhile, although the transformation and development of science and technology have provided a material basis for the liberation of labor, under the logic of capital, they have exacerbated the complexity of alienation. In the future, it is necessary to take the practical exploration of “non-alienated labor” as the guide, reconstruct the realistic path of labor liberation, and solve the modernization problem of alienated labor in the context of digital capitalism and promote labor liberation as the ultimate and fundamental goal.