廊坊市高影响天气的复合及演变特征

Compound and Evolution Characteristics of High-Impact Weather in Langfang City

摘要: 为掌握和了解高影响天气的复合演变特征及其影响，利用2009~2024年廊坊市气象站降水、大风、雾、霾、气温等气象观测资料以及天气学、气候学、数理统计等方法对廊坊市14类常见天气的复合及演变特征进行了深入分析和研究，结果如下：(1) 依据各天气出现的特点，将14类天气划分为多复合型天气(寒潮、雾、霾(烟))、频发型天气(降水、大风、高温)、季节性强天气(冰雹、扬沙、浮尘)、多伴随型天气(轻雾、类霾、连续低温(降温))。(2) 依据天气出现频次、影响特点等几方面因素，将廊坊市主要高影响天气分为降水、大风、高温、寒潮、雾和霾，其中降水过程最多，寒潮最少。(3) 每类高影响天气均可与冰雹等其他天气形成多种复杂的天气过程，其中大风的复合类型最多达26种，伴雾或霾的复合类型达34种，所有复合类型中降水伴大风发生次数最多，平均每年达9.8次。(4) 降水、大风和雾、霾分别代表冷空气影响型和天气形势静稳型，此4类天气是多种复杂过程中最活跃的成员；寒潮和高温作为气温骤降和飙升的强天气，可与降水、大风、雾、霾等天气复合出现，组合类型分别最多可达8种和11种，气温异常叠加风、雨、雾、霾等使得天气过程更为复杂、影响更为强烈。(5) 霾(类霾)日及多复合高影响天气的类型随年际变化有增多和频发的趋势，表现出对人类生产、生活及健康等方方面面的影响增强，及早认识、早期预警、积极应对才能趋利避害。

Abstract: To grasp and understand the composite evolution characteristics and impacts of high-impact weather, an in-depth analysis and study were conducted on the composite and evolution features of 14 common weather types in Langfang City using meteorological observation data from 2009 to 2024, including precipitation, strong winds, fog, haze, and temperature, as well as synoptic, climatological, and statistical methods. The results are as follows: (1) Based on the characteristics of each weather occurrence, the 14 weather types were categorized into multi-composite weather (cold waves, fog, haze (smoke)), frequent-occurrence weather (precipitation, strong winds, high temperatures), seasonally strong weather (hail, blowing sand, floating dust), and frequently accompanying weather (light fog, haze-like conditions, prolonged cold/cooling periods). (2) Based on factors such as the frequency of weather occurrences and impact characteristics, the main high-impact weather types in Langfang City were classified into precipitation, strong winds, high temperatures, cold waves, fog, and haze. Among these, precipitation processes were the most frequent, while cold waves were the least frequent. (3) Each type of high-impact weather can combine with other weather phenomena, such as hail, to form various complex weather processes. Strong winds had the highest number of composite weather types, reaching up to 26, while composite types involving fog or haze reached 34. Among all composite types, precipitation accompanied by strong winds occurred most frequently, with an average of 9.8 times per year. (4) Precipitation and strong winds represent cold air influence types, while fog and haze represent static and stable weather conditions. These four weather types were the most active components in various complex processes. Cold waves and high temperatures, as intense weather phenomena characterized by sudden temperature drops and surges, can combine with precipitation, strong winds, fog, haze, and other weather types, with composite types reaching up to 8 and 11, respectively. Abnormal temperatures combined with wind, rain, fog, and haze make weather processes more complex and their impacts more intense. (5) Haze (haze-like) days and multiple compound high-impact weather types show an increasing and more frequent trend with interannual variation, indicating a growing impact on various aspects of human production, daily life, and health. Only through early recognition, early warning, and proactive responses can the advantages be leveraged and the harms mitigated.