数字贸易时代跨境电商支付结算风险防控体系构建——基于区块链技术的应用场景与合规路径

Construction of Risk Prevention and Control System for Cross-Border E-Commerce Payment and Settlement in the Era of Digital Trade—Based on Application Scenarios and Compliance Paths of Blockchain Technology

摘要: 数字贸易的全球化发展对跨境支付结算的效率与安全性提出了更高要求，传统中心化支付模式因多层中介、信息不对称与监管碎片化导致交易成本高企，风险防控体系面临结构性制约。本文基于交易成本理论框架，将跨境支付风险解构为有限理性下的信息成本、机会主义行为导致的契约执行成本、资产专用性锁定的技术成本及不确定性引发的适应成本，系统分析区块链技术对上述风险的优化机制。研究发现，区块链通过分布式账本缓解信息不对称、智能合约抑制机会主义行为、去中心化架构降低资产专用性、可编程规则对冲不确定性，实现了交易成本的系统性削减；其理论贡献在于构建了“技术特性–交易成本–风险防控”的逻辑链条，为数字贸易跨境支付风险治理提供了新的分析范式。研究表明，区块链技术的规模化应用需以“技术适配性–业务场景融合–监管规则创新”为前提，其核心价值并非替代传统金融基础设施，而是通过重构信任机制与流程逻辑，推动跨境支付从“中介依赖型”向“技术契约型”转型。

Abstract: The global development of digital trade has placed higher demands on the efficiency and security of cross-border payment and settlement. However, traditional centralized payment models, plagued by multi-layered intermediation, information asymmetry, and regulatory fragmentation, have led to escalated transaction costs, leaving risk prevention systems facing structural constraints. Based on the transaction cost theory framework, this paper deconstructs cross-border payment risks into information costs under bounded rationality, contract enforcement costs caused by opportunistic behaviors, technology costs from asset specificity lock-in, and adaptation costs arising from uncertainty, systematically analyzing how blockchain technology optimizes these risks. The study finds that blockchain achieves systematic reduction of transaction costs by mitigating information asymmetry through distributed ledgers, suppressing opportunistic behaviors via smart contracts, reducing asset specificity with decentralized architecture, and hedging against uncertainty through programmable rules. Its theoretical contribution lies in constructing a “technical characteristics-transaction costs-risk prevention” logical chain, providing a new analytical paradigm for cross-border payment risk governance in digital trade. The research indicates that the large-scale application of blockchain technology requires “technological adaptability-business scenario integration-regulatory rule innovation” as prerequisites. Its core value is not to replace traditional financial infrastructure but to promote the transformation of cross-border payments from “intermediary-dependent” to “technology-contract-based” by reconstructing trust mechanisms and process logic.