执行功能成分及其评估方式研究综述

A Review of Research on Executive Function Components and Their Assessment Methods

摘要: 执行功能(executive function, EF)是个体实现目标导向行为的核心认知控制系统，对其成分与评估方式进行梳理对科研与临床实践至关重要。本文聚焦于抑制控制、工作记忆和认知灵活性三大被普遍认同的核心成分，系统阐述了其认知与神经机制。进而，综述了当前主要的评估方法，包括神经生理与心理学实验范式，以及行为评定量表，并分析了各类方法的适用性与局限性。针对该领域现状，本文指出其存在评估工具标准化不足、生态效度有限、国内软件化与成套化工具缺失等问题。最后展望提出，未来应通过多中心合作建立本土常模、促进与信息技术的跨学科融合，以推动执行功能评估向标准化、生态化与智能化方向发展，为执行功能的深入研究与临床应用提供清晰的理论框架与方法学参考。

Abstract: Executive function (EF) serves as the core cognitive control system for individuals’ goal-directed behaviors, making the systematization of its components and assessment methods crucial for both scientific research and clinical practice. This review focuses on the three widely recognized core components—inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility—and elaborates on their cognitive and neural mechanisms. Furthermore, it summarizes the primary assessment approaches, including neurophysiological and psychological experimental paradigms, as well as behavioral rating scales, while analyzing the applicability and limitations of each method. In light of current challenges in the field, this paper highlights issues such as the lack of standardization in assessment tools, limited ecological validity, and the scarcity of software-based and integrated test batteries in the domestic context. Finally, it proposes future directions, emphasizing the need for multi-center collaborations to establish local norms and promoting interdisciplinary integration with information technology. These efforts are expected to advance the field toward standardized, ecologically valid, and intelligent assessment frameworks, thereby providing a clear theoretical and methodological reference for further research and clinical application of executive function.