基于数据包络分析(DEA)与随机前沿分析(SFA)的职业体育俱乐部运营效率评价与优化研究

Evaluation and Optimization of Operational Efficiency of Professional Sports Clubs: Based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA)

摘要: 本文以我国职业体育俱乐部运营效率为研究核心，旨在破解其“规模扩张与效率滞后”的发展矛盾。基于“制度–利益–系统”理论框架，采用DEA-SFA融合模型与Malmquist指数，以2019~2023年中国足球协会超级联赛(中超) 16家俱乐部为核心样本、荷兰足球甲级联赛(荷甲)与葡萄牙足球超级联赛(葡超)各10家俱乐部为参照样本，构建“静态测度–动态演化–机制解析–路径设计”的研究体系。研究发现：我国职业体育俱乐部整体运营效率显著低于荷甲、葡超等可比联赛，技术效率层面的“管理协同失灵”与规模效率层面的“投入结构错配”是核心短板；效率演化呈现“改革驱动–技术跟进”的阶段性特征，2021年“管办分离”改革后进入“效率–技术协同”增长期，但技术进步贡献率(0.4%)远低于荷甲(1.8%)与葡超(1.5%)，内生创新动力不足；效率输出受“制度–治理–技术”三维因素协同影响，混合所有制在高质量制度环境下展现显著效率优势，是破解困境的关键切入点。研究不仅通过方法整合与本土化理论构建，丰富了体育管理学与制度经济学的交叉研究，更提出“治理优化–技术赋能生态构建”的分阶段提升路径，为俱乐部运营、联赛治理与政策制定提供精准指引。

Abstract: This study takes the operational efficiency of professional sports clubs in China as the core research object, aiming to resolve the developmental contradiction between “scale expansion and efficiency lag”. Based on the “institution-interest-system” theoretical framework, an integrated research system of “static measurement-dynamic evolution-mechanism analysis-path design” is constructed by adopting the DEA-SFA integrated model and Malmquist index. Taking 16 clubs in the Chinese Super League (CSL) from 2019 to 2023 as the core sample and 10 clubs each from the Eredivisie (Netherlands) and Primeira Liga (Portugal) as the reference samples, the research finds that: the overall operational efficiency of Chinese professional sports clubs is significantly lower than that of comparable leagues such as the Eredivisie and Primeira Liga, with “management synergy failure” at the technical efficiency level and “input structure mismatch” at the scale efficiency level as the core shortcomings; the efficiency evolution presents a phased characteristic of “reform-driven and technology-following”, entering the “efficiency-technology synergy” growth period after the “separation of management and operation” reform in 2021, but the contribution rate of technological progress (0.4%) is much lower than that of the Eredivisie (1.8%) and Primeira Liga (1.5%), indicating insufficient endogenous innovation motivation; the efficiency output is jointly affected by the three-dimensional synergy of “institution-governance-technology”, and mixed ownership shows significant efficiency advantages in a high-quality institutional environment, which is the key entry point to solve the predicament. This study not only enriches the interdisciplinary research of sports management and institutional economics through method integration and localized theoretical construction, but also proposes a phased improvement path of “governance optimization-technology empowerment-ecosystem construction”, providing precise guidance for club operation, league governance and policy formulation.