论《神圣家族》对青年黑格尔“思辨秘密”的批判及其实践转向

On the Critique of Young Hegel’s “Speculative Secret” in “The Holy Family” and Its Practical Shift

摘要: “思辨秘密”不仅是理解马克思早期思想的关键钥匙，也是重新审视当代意识形态批判的重要切入点。“思辨秘密”源自黑格尔思辨哲学体系中以观念逻辑取代现实的生成过程思想，青年黑格尔派进一步延展了黑格尔哲学的思辨逻辑，他们将“理念自我运动”的辩证法改造成“自我意识”的绝对运动，把历史和社会的发展理解为意识的自我展开，始终囿于唯心主义局限。马克思、恩格斯在《神圣家族》中既批判了黑格尔在认识论上思维与存在的倒置，又揭示出这一倒置在历史观层面的延续，并在此基础上形成了以“现实的人”及其物质生产实践为基础的唯物史观雏形。

Abstract: The “speculative secret” is not only a key to understanding Marx’s early thought but also an important entry point for re-examining contemporary critiques of ideology. The “speculative secret” originates from Hegel’s speculative philosophical system, in which the logic of ideas replaces the process of reality generation. The Young Hegelians further developed Hegel’s speculative logic, transforming the dialectic of the “self-movement of the Idea” into the absolute movement of “self-consciousness”, and interpreting historical and social development as the self-unfolding of consciousness, remaining perpetually confined within idealist limitations. In The Holy Family, Marx and Engels both critique Hegel’s inversion of thought and being at the epistemological level and reveal its continuation at the level of historical interpretation. On this basis, they established the embryonic form of historical materialism, grounded in the “real human” and their material productive practices.