晚期胰腺癌患者癌性疼痛的治疗
Treatment of Cancer Pain in Patients with Advanced Pancreatic Cancer
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.15123675, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 汤永洪, 金成兵*:重庆医科大学附属第二医院肿瘤中心,重庆
关键词: 晚期胰腺癌癌性疼痛疼痛治疗Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Cancer Pain Pain Management
摘要: 胰腺癌恶性程度高,生存率低,初诊时具有可手术切除的患者不足20%,大部分在诊断时处于晚期。疼痛是晚期胰腺癌的主要症状之一,严重影响患者的生活质量。疼痛治疗是晚期胰腺癌患者姑息治疗的核心,可以提高晚期胰腺癌患者的生活质量,并改善患者预后。本文阐述了晚期胰腺癌相关疼痛的主要病理生理机制与肿瘤损伤腹腔神经丛、神经周围浸润相关,对当前治疗晚期胰腺癌患者癌性疼痛的主要治疗方法包括药物治疗、放疗、高强度聚集超声、腹腔丛神经阻滞术和松解术、鞘内药物输注等进行系统论述。
Abstract: Pancreatic cancer is highly aggressive and associated with dismal survival rates. Fewer than 20% of patients are eligible for surgical resection upon initial diagnosis, with the majority presenting at advanced stages. Pain is one of the main symptoms of advanced pancreatic cancer, which seriously affects the patient’s quality of life. Effective pain management serves as the cornerstone of palliative care for advanced pancreatic cancer patients, not only improving quality of life but also potentially influencing disease prognosis. This article elucidates the pathophysiological mechanisms of advanced pancreatic cancer-related pain, primarily attributed to tumor invasion of the celiac plexus and perineural infiltration. We systematically review current therapeutic modalities for managing cancer pain in these patients, including pharmacological interventions, radiotherapy, high-intensity focused ultrasound, neurolytic celiac plexus block, and intrathecal drug delivery systems.
文章引用:汤永洪, 金成兵. 晚期胰腺癌患者癌性疼痛的治疗[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(12): 2437-2444. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.15123675

1. 介绍

胰腺癌是最具侵袭性的癌症之一,其发病率持续上升,约占所有癌症的2%,患者的5年生存率仅为2%~9% [1] [2]。2019年至2021年,中国人群所有癌症的5年生存率为43.7%,然而胰腺癌仅为8.5% [3]。胰腺癌的主要治疗方法是手术,在早期通过手术切除肿瘤可能使患者获得治愈。然而,由于该疾病早期通常无明显症状,早期筛查和诊断较为困难,导致大多数患者在确诊时已处于晚期,失去有效治疗机会,初诊时具有可手术切除病灶的患者不足20%,大多数诊断时已是晚期[4]-[6]

近75%的患者在诊断时常伴有严重的癌症相关疼痛,严重降低患者的生活质量。一项胰腺癌网络调查分析显示,93%的胰腺癌患者在病程中出现癌性疼痛,而大多数患者的疼痛在中度至重度之间[7]。胰腺癌患者的癌性疼痛严重影响患者的身体、心理、社会功能及生存预后,晚期胰腺癌患者癌性疼痛的治疗是姑息治疗的核心[8]

2. 晚期胰腺癌相关疼痛的病理生理机制

尽管胰腺癌患者的疼痛强度因肿瘤部位、转移病灶或局部浸润的存在而异,但现已报道的研究表明大多数胰腺癌相关疼痛的产生主要与腹腔神经丛浸润和神经周围浸润相关[9]-[11]。腹腔神经丛是位于上腹部腹膜后间隙、腹腔干周围的神经集合,通常横跨T12和L1椎骨区域。传出成分主要由交感神经纤维(T5~T12)组成,这些交感神经纤维最终与腹腔神经节内的神经元细胞体形成突触连接,节后纤维错综复杂地支配腹部内脏。腹腔神经丛内的传入纤维是将内脏疼痛和其他感觉从腹部器官传递到中枢神经系统的通道[12] [13]。躯体疼痛是由肿瘤局部侵犯或转移到周围腹膜、腹膜后肌肉和骨骼引起的,躯体疼痛信号由脊神经(T9~L1)传递到中枢神经系统,临床主要表现为明确部位的锐痛。而内脏疼痛是由于肿瘤浸润或压迫邻近器官,导致上腹部内脏受损引起的,伤害性信号沿着传入神经纤维传递到腹腔神经丛和神经节,并通过内脏神经(T5~T12)与中枢神经系统的高级中枢进行传递,临床主要表现为定位不准的腹部钝痛或胀痛[9] [10] [14]。此外,神经周围浸润发生在约70%的胰腺癌中,反映了该疾病的趋神经性[15]。其作用机制复杂,有研究显示胰腺癌细胞与神经元细胞在生长因子受体和黏附分子具有相似性,其对神经组织具有亲和性,这种特性导致癌细胞增殖加速,并沿着神经束迁移和侵袭。胰腺癌细胞沿神经束迁移的行为会引发神经病理性疼痛,并通过刺激感觉纤维生长进而加剧疼痛感知[9] [16] [17]。神经周围浸润可能还与炎症细胞浸润肿瘤、多种神经递质如神经生长因子的释放相关[18]

此外,胰腺癌经常引起主胰管闭塞,导致上游导管内压和间质压升高,同时胰腺外分泌酶缺乏导致消化吸收不良出现餐后疼痛加重[19]。当前指南针对晚期胰腺癌的一线治疗主要有吉西他滨单药、白蛋白紫杉醇联合吉西他滨、FOLFIRINOX等方案。化疗可以减轻肿瘤负荷,改善患者的生存和疼痛控制。但是化疗药物(奥沙利铂、氟尿嘧啶、紫杉类等)也会在治疗中引起患者疼痛不适,主要与化疗药引起自主神经异常以及化疗药导致消化道黏膜的损伤相关[20]

总之,多种原因可以引起胰腺癌患者的疼痛症状,当前研究对胰腺癌疼痛产生的原因主要归因为神经相关性机制[21]

3. 晚期胰腺癌癌性疼痛的治疗方式

3.1. 药物治疗

临床常见止疼药物有非甾体类药物,主要作用是抑制环氧合酶,从而减少前列腺素、前列环素和血栓素的产生,这些药物在镇痛的疗效和持续性方面有限,长期使用增加药物中毒风险,临床主要用于早期轻度疼痛患者的治疗[22]

阿片类药物是治疗晚期胰腺癌患者癌性疼痛的主要药物选择。大多数阿片类药物是μ受体激动剂,它们与位于中枢和周围神经系统的μ受体结合,导致脑干下行抑制通路激活,同时抑制脊髓背角、丘脑和外周组织的疼痛信号的传入[23]。临床现常用的阿片类药物有曲马多、吗啡、羟考酮、芬太尼等。世界卫生组织(WHO)以“阶梯镇痛”的形式提出了一种用于控制癌性疼痛的药物方案的标准方法,对于未接受过阿片类药物治疗且伴有中度至重度疼痛的患者可开始使用弱阿片类药物,逐步更换为强阿片类药物。为了增强镇痛效果并减轻阿片类药物的副作用,可以增加辅助用药,例如使用皮质激素类治疗神经压迫性或炎性疼痛,使用抗惊厥药和加巴喷丁治疗神经性疼痛,使用双膦酸盐或RANKL单抗治疗骨转移引起的癌性疼痛,使用大便软化剂和泻药治疗便秘,使用5-羟色胺受体拮抗剂(如昂丹司琼)治疗恶心[8] [24]。由于癌性疼痛的动态性质以及个体对阿片类药物的疗效反应的差异,临床需要持续调整用药方案并密切监测结果(镇痛效果、不良反应),以实现个体化耐受和有效的镇痛反应[25]

阿片类药物在癌性疼痛治疗过程中会出现耐受现象,这导致部分患者在病程中即使用大剂量的药物或者联合多种药物也不能实现有效的止痛,同时增加药物不良反应[8]。阿片类药物常见不良反应包括消化道反应、镇静、呼吸抑制、神经毒性等,因其会引起的胃肠道张力增加、胃肠道蠕动和分泌抑制,在胰腺癌患者癌性疼痛治疗过程中可能导致腹胀、腹胀、恶心、厌食等症状加重[26]

3.2. 放疗

现有研究表明中等剂量的大分割放疗或短疗程姑息性放疗对晚期胰腺癌相关疼痛的治疗有效,标准姑息放疗剂量为总剂量25~30 Gy,分5~10次照射,每日1次。有研究报道,总剂量24 Gy,每周1次,分3次照射的短程姑息放疗方案可以改善患者疼痛[27]-[29]

胰腺与重要器官较近,立体定向放疗(Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy, SBRT)是一种针对晚期胰腺癌患者的新兴治疗技术,可以向肿瘤提供高生物剂量,而对高危器官的照射较低[30]。2022年一项纳入了19项研究的系统评价报道了SBRT对疼痛缓解的疗效,在6项研究中,放疗后患者的镇痛药减少或暂停的比率在40.0%~100.0% (中位数:60.3%);在3项研究中,SBRT治疗后患者疼痛的完全缓解率在30.0%和81.3%之间(中位数:48.4%);在9项研究中,部分疼痛和完全疼痛缓解率在44.4%至100%之间(中位数:78.6%),所有研究未报告严重不良反应[31]

腹腔神经丛放射外科手术(Celiac Plexus Radiosurgery, CPRS)是胰腺癌患者腹膜后疼痛综合征的一种非侵入性姑息治疗选择。2024年公布的一项多中心、单臂、2期试验结果显示,接受CPRS治疗的90名患者中,在治疗后3周时有48名[53%; 95%CI: 42~64]至少有部分疼痛缓解,最常见的3~4级不良事件为腹痛和疲劳[32]

3.3. 高强度聚集超声

高强度聚焦超声(High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound, HIFU)是一种非侵入性治疗方式,通过多种机制缓解胰腺癌的疼痛,包括通过靶向组织快速升温诱导凝血性坏死、破坏肿瘤微环境中的神经纤维、使腹腔神经丛损伤或失活以及调节炎症因子的释放[33]。一项纳入23项研究的系统评价,在接受HIFU治疗的639例患者中,567例在治疗前主诉疼痛,459例患者在治疗后疼痛部分或完全缓解,疼痛减轻比例的估计值为0.81 [95%CI: 0.76~0.86]。另多项研究现已反复证实HIFU具有显著的止痛效果,HIFU用于胰腺癌患者的疼痛治疗具有无创性操作、恢复时间短、早期疼痛改善明显、可重复操作、安全性高等特点[34]-[36]。高强度聚集超声现已广泛用于晚期胰腺癌的辅助或姑息治疗,能显著缓解疾病相关症状并减轻肿瘤负荷,并带来额外的生存获益[33] [37]

3.4. 腹腔神经丛阻滞术和腹腔神经丛松解术

腹腔丛神经阻滞术(Celiac Plexus Block, CPB)和腹腔神经丛松解术(Celiac plexus neurolysis, CPN)用于晚期腹部恶性肿瘤患者的疼痛治疗已有近100年历史,手术成熟较早[38]。腹腔神经丛阻滞术和松解术是在CT、超声引导下经皮或经超声内镜下在腹腔神经丛局部注射药物进行阻断神经信号或消融神经来缓解疼痛的手术。阻滞术主要用局麻药(利多卡因等)阻断神经信号,实现短期疼痛缓解,松解术主要用神经毁损剂(无水乙醇等)消融神经,实现长效止痛[39]。一项纳入24项研究涉及腹腔丛神经松解术的系统分析结果显示,1145例患者在术后2周和3个月时,分别有90%和70%~90%的患者疼痛减轻,对镇痛药物的需要减少,生活质量改善,手术的不良反应轻微。但同时有几项研究观察到,该手术无法完全控制所有患者的疼痛,并且随着时间的推移疼痛缓解的患者会减少,主要出现在手术治疗的3个月以后[38] [40] [41]。现有证据表明腹腔神经丛阻滞和松解术可以显著减轻胰腺癌患者的癌性疼痛并减少阿片类药物需求,但其对长期止痛效果和生活质量改善仍不太清楚,需要进一步研究[40]

3.5. 鞘内药物输注

鞘内药物输注(Intrathecal Drug Delivery System, IDDS)是通过皮下植入一个泵,将阿片类药物持续地、可控地输注到脊髓周围的鞘内空间。鞘内阿片类药物给药比外周或口服给药所需更低的剂量来控制疼痛,从而减少药物不良反应[42]。一项旨在评估IDDS治疗难治性胰腺癌相关疼痛的观察性研究结果显示,93名患者因严重难治性胰腺癌相关疼痛而接受IDDS治疗,接受IDDS治疗的患者平均疼痛水平降低了50%~75%,大多数患者在术后第1周到第3个月的疼痛评分都保持降低,32.3%患者术后发生轻微疼痛等并发症,10.7%的患者术后出现严重的非致死性并发症:1例患者发生手术创面裂开,2例患者发生需要抗生素治疗的感染。大多数患者(83%)的不良反应在IDDS术后的1月内恢复[43]。整体而言,鞘内药物输注治疗胰腺癌相关疼痛的临床疗效肯定,并可减少阿片类药物的不良反应,手术的不良反应少。

4. 其他治疗

胰腺癌的局部治疗还包括不可逆电穿孔、射频消融、微波消融、冷冻消融等治疗,尽管治疗方式选择众多,但以上治疗方式用于缓解胰腺癌疼痛的报道较少,仅有少部分研究提示以上治疗有缓解胰腺癌相关疼痛的效果,但仅为少量回顾性研究,临床证据有限[44] [45]。对于胰腺癌引起主胰管阻塞的患者,多项研究显示,胰管支架置入术可以降低导管和间质的压力实现梗阻性疼痛的缓解[19]。同时有研究表明对于胰腺功能不全和消化吸收不良的患者予以酶替代治疗有缓解腹痛的效果[46]。另有少部分回顾性研究显示碘125粒子植入、腔镜下内脏神经切除术对胰腺癌相关疼痛的治疗有效,碘125粒子植入多联合其他治疗如腹腔神经丛松解术,腔镜下内脏神经切除术多用于晚期胰腺癌患者的顽固性腹痛[47] [48]

晚期胰腺癌疼痛治疗的其他治疗方式众多,如经皮电刺激、心理治疗、中药、针灸等治疗,治疗方案选择较多,临床研究较少,质量参差不齐,存在偏差,临床疗效有待进一步验证[21] [49] [50]

5. 讨论

癌性相关疼痛是胰腺癌患者常见的临床症状,不仅严重影响患者的生存质量,还会影响胰腺癌患者对化疗等抗肿瘤治疗的耐受性,影响患者预后,研究报道疼痛强度较小和疼痛持续时间较短的患者具有更好的生活质量和较长的生存期[51]。晚期胰腺癌患者癌性疼痛的治疗是姑息治疗的核心治疗之一。

当前针对胰腺癌相关疼痛治疗的有效治疗方式包括阿片类药物治疗、放疗、高强度聚焦超声、腹腔丛神经阻滞术和松解术、鞘内药物输注等治疗,尽管胰腺癌癌性相关疼痛的治疗方式选择较多,但临床上仍然面临巨大挑战,如何提高晚期胰腺癌患者疼痛管理的有效性尤为重要。胰腺癌患者除了有疼痛症状以外,黄疸、恶病质、焦虑抑郁等也是胰腺癌患者常见的临床表现。在控制疼痛的同时,加强对其他症状管理同样重要,应注意同步改善患者的营养状况、纠正患者的恶病质状态,同时注意对患者予以社会心理支持[52]。最佳止痛治疗方案需要综合考虑患者的疼痛情况、肿瘤负荷、预期生存、治疗意愿等众多因素,这涉及肿瘤科、放射肿瘤科、疼痛科、外科等多学科团队的合作,以优化患者的疼痛的管理,制定个性化疼痛管理方案[53]。同时,患者对不同止痛治疗的反应存在个体差异,应根据患者对治疗的反应如镇痛效果、不良反应,及时调整治疗方案,以实现个体化耐受和有效的镇痛反应。

6. 总结

晚期胰腺癌患者癌性疼痛产生的机制复杂,当前的研究结果显示其主要与肿瘤损伤腹腔神经丛、局部神经周围浸润相关[10] [11]。本文论述的当前有效的止痛治疗方式都与神经的阻断相关。

阿片类药物仍然是当前晚期胰腺癌患者癌性疼痛推荐的标准治疗,临床应用最广泛,但患者可能会出现对阿片类药物的耐受以及消化道不良反应加重。中等剂量的大分割放疗、短疗程姑息性放疗、立体定向放射治疗以及腹腔神经丛放射外科手术等放疗方式对胰腺癌相关疼痛的疗效确切,不良反应少。高强度聚集超声用于胰腺癌患者的疼痛治疗具有无创性操作、恢复时间短、早期疼痛改善明显、可重复操作、安全性高等特点,同时有显著的减瘤效果,带来额外的生存获益。腹腔神经丛阻滞术和腹腔神经丛松解术可以显著减轻胰腺癌患者的癌性疼痛并减少阿片类药物需求,但其长期止痛效果有待进一步研究。鞘内药物输注对胰腺癌相关疼痛的临床疗效肯定,不良反应少,同时减少了阿片类药物的不良反应。

晚期胰腺癌患者的癌性疼痛的管理是姑息治疗的核心治疗之一。有效的止痛治疗不仅改善患者生活质量,还会给患者带来更长的生存获益。胰腺癌癌性相关疼痛需要多学科团队合作,根据患者治疗反应及时调整治疗方案,同时加强对其他症状的同步管理,最终达到对患者疼痛治疗的个性化及有效性管理。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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