电商企业数据权益的保护路径探析

Analysis of Approaches to Protecting E-Commerce Enterprises’ Data Rights and Interests

摘要: 随着数字经济快速发展，电商企业作为数据要素流通与利用的核心主体，其数据权益保护成为理论与实务界的焦点。本文以最高人民法院第47批指导性案例为基础，聚焦电商场景下数据集合保护、合法数据流转、数据产品加工及个人信息平衡等核心议题，指出当前司法实践主要依托《反不正当竞争法》规制电商数据侵权行为的现状。研究明确电商企业数据权益作为场景依赖性新型财产权的法律属性，主张构建赋权与行为规制相结合的混合保护模式。最后提出应从界定电商数据权益边界、完善电商场景数据合理使用标准、协调个人信息保护与电商数据利用、细化电商领域不正当竞争认定规则等方面，建立兼顾保护与流通的法律保障体系，助力电商行业健康发展。

Abstract: With the rapid development of the digital economy, e-commerce enterprises, as core subjects in the circulation and utilization of data elements, the protection of their data rights and interests has become a focal issue in both theoretical research and judicial practice. Based on the Supreme People’s Court’s Guiding Case Batch No. 47, this paper focuses on core issues such as data collection protection, lawful data transfer, data product processing, and personal information balance in e-commerce scenarios, and points out the current judicial practice mainly relying on the Anti-Unfair Competition Law to regulate e-commerce data infringement behaviors. The research clarifies the legal attribute of e-commerce enterprises’ data rights as a context-dependent new type of property right, and advocates a hybrid protection model combining empowerment and conduct regulation. Finally, it proposes to establish a legal guarantee system balancing protection and circulation by defining the boundaries of e-commerce data rights, improving the fair use standards of data in e-commerce scenarios, coordinating personal information protection and e-commerce data utilization, and refining the identification rules of unfair competition in the e-commerce field, so as to promote the healthy development of the e-commerce industry.