铋基半导体光催化性能提升策略研究进展及其应用

Research Progress on Performance Enhancement Strategies of Bismuth-Based Photocatalysts and Their Applications

摘要: 利用太阳能驱动的光催化技术，为应对全球性的环境污染与能源危机问题提供了一条极具前景的绿色路径。在众多光催化材料中，铋(Bi)基半导体因其优异的可见光吸收能力、独特的电子能带结构、环境友好及成本低廉等优势，已成为光催化研究领域的前沿热点。本文首先阐述了光催化的基本原理及其效率制约因素。在此基础上，系统综述了以铜酸铋(Bi₂CuO₄)、钒酸铋(BiVO₄)和钼酸铋(Bi₂MoO₆)为代表的三种典型铋基复合氧化物的晶体结构、电子特性及其作为光催化剂的内在优势与局限。为突破其本征性能瓶颈，本文重点归纳并评述了当前主流的性能提升策略，包括离子掺杂、异质结构建和表面形貌调控。文中特别对比分析了不同改性策略在实际应用中的效果差异及其内在原因，并结合最新研究实例剖析了这些策略在促进电荷分离、拓宽光谱响应及加速表面反应动力学方面的作用机制。最后，本文概述了这些铋基材料在环境修复和太阳能燃料生产两大领域的应用进展，并对该领域面临的核心挑战，如Bi 6s-O 2p轨道杂化调控等深层次科学问题进行了展望，旨在为设计与开发新一代高性能铋基光催化剂提供理论参考与思路启迪。

Abstract: Photocatalysis driven by solar energy offers a highly promising green pathway for addressing global environmental pollution and the energy crisis. Among the numerous photocatalytic materials, bismuth (Bi)-based semiconductors have emerged as a research hotspot in the field of photocatalysis owing to their excellent visible-light absorption, unique electronic band structure, environmental friendliness, and low cost. This review first elaborates on the fundamental principles of photocatalysis and the factors that limit its efficiency. On this basis, it systematically reviews the crystal structures, electronic properties, and inherent advantages and limitations of three typical bismuth-based composite oxides—copper bismuthate (Bi₂CuO₄), bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄), and bismuth molybdate (Bi₂MoO₆)—as photocatalysts. To overcome these intrinsic performance bottlenecks, this review focuses on summarizing and commenting on mainstream performance enhancement strategies, including ion doping, heterojunction construction, and surface morphology control. This review compares and analyzes the differences in the effects and intrinsic reasons of different modification strategies in practical applications and the mechanism of these strategies in promoting charge separation, broadening spectral response, and accelerating surface reaction kinetics in combination with the latest research examples. Finally, this paper summarizes the application progress of these bismuth-based materials in the two major fields of environmental remediation and solar fuel production, and looks forward to the core challenges faced in this field, such as the deep-seated scientific issues, such as the hybridization regulation of Bi 6s-O 2p orbitals, aiming to provide theoretical references and inspiration for the design and development of a new generation of high-performance bismuth-based photocatalysts.