生成式人工智能作出行政行为的资格认定与司法审查

Qualification and Judicial Review of Generative Artificial Intelligence to Make Administrative Acts

摘要: 随着生成式人工智能(AI)的发展，其在公共行政领域的应用日益广泛，引发了关于其资格认定和司法审查的法律挑战。本文探讨了生成式AI参与行政行为的理论基础、现状和法理分析，重点关注《个人信息保护法》第24条在行政法领域的适用问题。文章指出，在现行法律框架下，生成式AI不具备独立的行政主体资格，其生成内容不构成独立的行政行为。根据不同的应用模式，其法律性质应有所区分，并构建了相应的法律关系框架。文章进一步探讨了司法审查机制的构建，包括被申请人和被告的确定规则、审查范围和标准以及对算法的审查方式。最后，提出了完善我国智能行政法治体系的建议，包括明确生成式AI的法律地位、建立算法透明度要求和规范执法行为。

Abstract: With the development of generative artificial intelligence (AI), its application in the field of public administration is increasingly extensive, which has triggered legal challenges about its qualification and judicial review. This paper discusses the theoretical basis, present situation and legal analysis of generative AI’s participation in administrative behavior, focusing on the application of Article 24 of the Personal Information Protection Law in the field of administrative law. The article points out that under the current legal framework, generative AI does not have the qualification of independent administrative subject, and its generated content does not constitute an independent administrative act. According to different application modes, its legal nature should be distinguished, and the corresponding legal relationship framework is constructed. The article further discusses the construction of judicial review mechanism, including the determination rules of the respondent and the defendant, the scope and standard of review, and the review method of the algorithm. Finally, some suggestions are put forward to improve the legal system of intelligent administration in China, including clarifying the legal status of generative AI, establishing transparency requirements of algorithms and standardizing law enforcement behavior.