涉外仲裁合意的判定规则

Rules for Determining the Existence of an Arbitration Agreement in Foreign-Related Cases

摘要: 全球经济一体化背景下，涉外争议数量激增，国际商事仲裁协议的有效性依赖于准确认定仲裁合意。在仲裁合意的形式上，《承认及执行外国仲裁裁决公约》(以下简称《纽约公约》)确立了仲裁协议采用书面形式的规则，但扩张了书面形式范围。但是我国现行《仲裁法》严格规定了仲裁合意需采用书面形式，我国涉外仲裁实践中还存在仲裁地与仲裁机构约定不明、准据法约定不明、合同仲裁条款的效力是否及于补充协议等问题。针对上述问题，本文以《纽约公约》为框架，结合国际商事实践与2025年新修订《仲裁法》的规定，针对仲裁合意形式存在瑕疵，构建“形式审查–实质判断–救济补正”的系统化认定路径；通过“明示合意”确定仲裁地与准据法；建立“分层默示推定”规则以及统一的仲裁协议独立协议适用标准，并结合交易的连续性行为与当事人的后续行为，认定合同仲裁条款的效力及于补充协议；从而优化“仲裁庭–法院”程序衔接，提升中国国际商事纠纷中涉外仲裁合意认定的确定性和稳定性，为新《仲裁法》的适用提供参考，进一步推动中国涉外仲裁制度与国际规则深度融合。

Abstract: In the context of global economic integration, the number of cross-border disputes has surged, and the validity of international commercial arbitration agreements depends on the accurate determination of arbitration consent. Firstly, in terms of the form of arbitration consent, the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (hereinafter referred to as the New York Convention) establishes the requirement for arbitration agreements to be in writing but has expanded the scope of written forms. However, China’s current Arbitration Law imposes strict written form requirements for arbitration consent, increasing the difficulty of determining the validity of cross-border arbitration agreements. Secondly, in China’s cross-border arbitration practice, issues such as ambiguous designation of the seat of arbitration and arbitral institutions, unclear choice of governing law, and whether the arbitration clause in the main contract extends to supplementary agreements also persist. To address these issues, this paper adopts the framework of the New York Convention, combines international commercial practices with the provisions of the newly revised Arbitration Law of 2025, and proposes a systematic approach for identifying arbitration consent with formal defects, constructing a path of “formal review - substantive judgment - remedial validation”. It aims to determine the seat of arbitration and governing law through “express consent”, establish a “layered implied presumption” rule, and develop a unified standard for the application of independent arbitration agreements. Furthermore, by considering the continuity of transactions and the subsequent conduct of the parties, it seeks to determine whether the arbitration clause in the main contract extends to supplementary agreements. This approach optimizes the procedural coordination between the “arbitral tribunal and the court”, enhances the certainty and stability of identifying cross-border arbitration consent in international commercial disputes in China, provides references for the application of the new Arbitration Law, and further promotes the deep integration of China’s cross-border arbitration system with international rules.