健身环境中微生物群落特征、驱动因素及其健康风险研究进展

Research Progress on the Characteristics, Driving Factors, and Health Risks of Microbial Communities in Fitness Environments

摘要: 随着全民健身的普及，公共健身环境微生物污染及其健康风险日益受到关注。本综述系统总结了当前健身环境微生物群落特征、驱动因素及潜在健康风险的研究进展。研究表明，室内健身环境颗粒物浓度时有超标，对运动者构成显著健康风险。健身器材表面及空气中存在以厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)为主的复杂微生物群落，其中常检出金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、不动杆菌属等条件致病菌，且耐药性问题突出，表明健身环境是病原体潜在传播源。器材类型、人体接触方式、室内外环境及环境因子等多因素共同驱动该环境微生物群落结构。尽管室内健身中心微生物组研究已取得进展，户外健身设施的微生物暴露风险仍认知不足。未来需加强对户外健身环境的深入研究，量化环境驱动因子，解析耐药基因传播，为制定针对性清洁消毒策略与公共健康风险管理提供科学依据。

Abstract: With the growing popularity of nationwide fitness activities, microbial contamination and associated health risks in public fitness environments have received increasing attention. This review systematically summarizes current research on the microbial community characteristics, influencing factors, and potential health risks of fitness environments. Evidence indicates that particulate matter concentrations in indoor fitness facilities often exceed recommended limits, posing significant health risks to exercisers. Complex microbial communities dominated by Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria have been detected on equipment surfaces and the air, with frequent identification of opportunistic pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter. The presence of antimicrobial resistance further suggests that fitness environments may serve as potential reservoirs and transmission sources of pathogens. The structure of fitness environment microbial community is jointly shaped by multiple factors, including equipment type, patterns of human contact, indoor-outdoor environment, and environmental variables. Although progress has been made in characterizing indoor fitness microbiomes, our understanding of microbial exposure risks associated with outdoor fitness facilities remains limited. Future research should focus more on outdoor fitness environments, quantify key environmental drivers, elucidate antimicrobial resistance gene transmission, and provide scientific basis for targeted cleaning and disinfection strategies as well as public health risk management.