论莱布尼茨的主体性哲学构造与近代“理性”之思

On the Philosophical Construction of Leibniz’s Subjectivity and Modern Reflections on “Reason”

摘要: 莱布尼茨的哲学由探究形而上学的个体性出发，在单子的同一性和现实性中，每个单子以各自的方式是“世界”，并且每种内在实现的冲动都与宇宙和谐相处。在每个单子所代表的“整体”的互相关联中，所能显现出的便是由上帝的智慧和伟大安排下的“最大的整体和谐”。在对单子自身的个体化构造的说明中，我们不断接近那个具有最大规定性的整体，并且也将能够再次获得对自身的主体意识。而这种主体意识在康德以来的德国哲学进程中，亦发挥着独特的价值。

Abstract: Leibniz’s philosophy originates from the exploration of metaphysical individuality. Within the identity and actuality of monads, each monad constitutes a “world” in its own manner, and every innate impulse toward realization harmonizes with the cosmos. In the interconnection of the “wholes” represented by each monad, what manifests itself is the “greatest overall harmony” ordained by God’s wisdom and grand design. Through the elaboration of the individualized construction of monads themselves, we continuously approach the whole with the greatest determinacy and regain a subjective consciousness of ourselves. Such subjective consciousness has also exerted a unique value in the development of German philosophy since Kant.