贸易开放如何重塑劳动力市场：一个基于工资溢价与就业结构的机制述评

How Trade Openness Reshapes the Labor Market: A Mechanistic Review Based on Wage Premiums and Employment Structure

摘要: 本文系统梳理了国际贸易对劳动力市场的影响机制，聚焦于贸易开放引致的“工资溢价”及其对工资差距的作用路径。新古典贸易理论指出，贸易通过提升丰裕要素密集型商品价格，推动要素报酬上升，形成工资溢价；然而，技能偏向型技术进步亦被视为工资不平等的重要驱动因素。经验研究表明，贸易对低技能工人工资具有负面影响，但其解释力有限。企业异质性视角进一步揭示，出口活动与内部工资结构存在显著关联，尤其在出口企业中技能溢价现象突出。此外，进口关税削减与贸易政策不确定性(TPU)变化对就业与工资调节具有非对称效应。本文还总结了贸易对就业的影响，指出其在总体就业效应微弱的同时，存在明显的行业异质性与结构性调整特征。

Abstract: This paper systematically examines the mechanisms through which international trade affects the labor market, focusing on the “wage premium” induced by trade openness and its pathways in influencing wage disparities. New classical trade theory posits that trade raises the prices of goods intensive in abundant factors, thereby increasing factor returns and creating a wage premium. However, skill-biased technological progress is also recognized as a key driver of wage inequality. Empirical studies indicate that trade negatively impacts the wages of low-skilled workers, though its explanatory power is limited. From the perspective of firm heterogeneity, export activities are significantly associated with internal wage structures, with skill premiums being particularly pronounced in exporting firms. Additionally, reductions in import tariffs and changes in trade policy uncertainty (TPU) exhibit asymmetric effects on employment and wage adjustments. The paper also summarizes the impact of trade on employment, noting that while its overall employment effects are modest, there are notable industry heterogeneity and structural adjustment characteristics.