水稻生产的作物特性与养分管理策略

A Review of Crop Characteristics and Nutrient Management Strategies in Rice Production

摘要: 水稻作为全球过半人口的主食，其稳定高产与优质生产对于保障粮食安全至关重要。然而，当前水稻生产面临着产量瓶颈、资源高消耗及环境成本攀升的巨大压力。本文旨在系统综述水稻作物特性与养分管理策略，以探索实现可持续发展的有效路径。文章首先分析了水稻喜温湿、需水肥的生物学习性及其特定的种植环境需求。进而重点探讨了现代水稻养分管理的核心策略：其一，通过轮作、垄作免耕等耕作方式改善土壤微生态环境，提升地力；其二科学运用分期施肥、有机无机配施及缓控释肥等技术，优化养分供应；其三，引入基于无人机的多光谱遥感、机器学习与深度学习模型构建营养诊断模型，实现对氮营养指数(NNI)、叶绿素含量(SPAD)的实时、无损监测与反演，为变量施肥和精准管理提供决策依据。本文结论认为，将传统农艺措施与现代智能信息技术深度融合，通过品种改良、土壤培肥、精准施肥三者的协同，是突破当前水稻生产瓶颈、实现高产、优质、高效、环保目标的方向。

Abstract: As the staple food for more than half of the world’s population, the stable, high-yield, and high-quality production of rice is crucial for ensuring food security. However, current rice production faces significant pressure from yield bottlenecks, high resource consumption, and rising environmental costs. This paper aims to systematically review rice crop characteristics and nutrient management strategies to explore effective pathways for achieving sustainable development. The article first analyzes rice’s biological characteristics, such as its preference for warm, humid conditions, high demand for water and fertilizers, and specific growing environment requirements. It then focuses on core strategies in modern rice nutrient management: firstly, improving the soil micro-ecological environment and enhancing soil fertility through practices like crop rotation and ridge tillage with no-till; secondly, scientifically applying techniques such as split fertilization, combined organic-inorganic fertilization, and slow/controlled-release fertilizers to optimize nutrient supply; thirdly, introducing nutrition diagnosis models based on UAV-based multispectral remote sensing, machine learning, and deep learning to enable real-time, non-destructive monitoring and inversion of the Nitrogen Nutrition Index (NNI) and chlorophyll content (SPAD), providing decision-making support for variable rate fertilization and precision management. The paper concludes that the deep integration of traditional agronomic practices with modern intelligent information technology, coupled with the synergy of variety improvement, soil fertility enhancement, and precision fertilization, is the direction for breaking through the current bottlenecks in rice production and achieving the goals of high yield, quality, efficiency, and environmental friendliness.